Propaganda Throughout History

Propaganda has existed as a method of communication for a long time. It was originally a neutral term used to describe the dissemination of information in favor of any given cause. The redefinition implying its now negative connation arose because of the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany's admitted use of propaganda favoring communism and fascism respectively, in all forms of their public expression. Propaganda under this connation still exists, however it’s evolution over the centuries has ensured its survival in the most unassuming ways.This paper will highlight the definitions of propaganda, the uses of propaganda in history through religion, Nazi Germany and the Cold War; its reappearance after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the 1995 Canadian referendum, evolution into advertising and how society today has become almost indifferent to it. What is Propaganda? Traditional propaganda is defined as a systematic manipulation of public opinion, generally through the use of symbols, monuments, speeches and publications.Today’s â€Å"modern† propaganda is distinguished from other forms of communication in that it is consciously and deliberately used to influence group attitudes; with all other communication functions being secondary. Therefore, almost any attempt to sway public opinion, including lobbying, commercial advertising and even missionary work, can be broadly interpreted as propaganda. However propaganda, more often than not, is associated with political situations referring to efforts by governments and political groups.Propaganda itself can be categorized as White, Gray, or Black, depending on the accuracy of information and where source is credited – if it’s credited at all! White propaganda is defined as coming from a source that is identified correctly and contains information that tends to be accurate such as national pride messages. A message considered Black propaganda when the source is concealed or credited to a fa lse authority, and spreads lies, fabrications and deceptions. Gray propaganda falls somewhere between these two forms as the source may or may not be correctly identified, and the accuracy of the information is uncertain.Ultimately though, the success or failure of any propaganda depends on the receiver’s willingness to accept the credibility of the source and the content of the message. Religious Propaganda The first use of propaganda is credited to the Catholic Church with their creation of sainthood; which was created to influence opinions and beliefs on religious issues. From the fourth century onwards, the church launched an immense propaganda campaign aimed at communicating the character, powers and importance of saints as a method of keeping the loyalty of their existing followers and as a tactic to gain new ones.The Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of Faith was responsible for the campaign in spreading this message. Through their monasteries, the church was abl e to target emperors, kings and upper noblemen with the message of the saints. Once the church had the buy-in of rulers, the reputations of these saints were given more validity to the general population and their shrines became protected as sacred places. It should be noted that during this period very few people outside the church were literate thereby making authentication of any information difficult.In order to spread the message of the saints, the church used relied on oral messaging and stories told through images such as in the stained glass seen today in cathedrals. For the average person, the church carried absolute authority as it was considered to be the leading source of knowledge. With this power, the church was easily able to bring their saints to life, so to speak. While the propaganda of saints was originally intended as a missionary tool, their resulting successes strengthen a variety of religious objectives.Saints helped reestablish the monastic movement after a p eriod of crisis by generating funds to complete cathedrals and gave the church a major tool for controlling popular religious trends. They also fueled the enthusiasm for the Spanish crusade; which is an excellent example of one of the church’s most immediate successful propagandistic campaign with its mission of bringing all together in Christendom. Spurred on by the words of Pope Urban II that Muslims had conquered Jerusalem, the Crusader’s mission was to recapture the ‘Holy Land’ and they dedicated their lives to this in return for the promise of redemption.Nazi Germany During the 20th century, the arrival of radio and television enabled propagandists to reach more people than before. In addition to the development of these modern medias, warfare and political movements had also contributed to the growing importance of propaganda in the 20th century. Of all the propaganda artists throughout history, no one is better known than Adolf Hitler. During his re in in Nazi Germany, he saturated schools, government and every part of German’s daily lives with propaganda.His keen and sinister insight into mass psychology contributed to Nazi Germany being noted for its psychologically powerful propaganda – much of which was centered on the Jews who were made the scapegoats for Germany's economic woes. Hitler was as a gifted speaker who, as history shows, captivated the masses with his beating of the podium and growling, emotional speeches. Authentic as they may have seemed, these speeches were full of propaganda and rhetoric which he used to appeal to the economic need of the lower and middle classes, while sounding resonant chords of nationalism, anti-Semitism and anti-communism.Threatened by hyperinflation, political chaos and a possible Communist takeover, Hitler, offered Germans scapegoats and solutions. To the economically depressed he promised to despoil â€Å"Jew financiers† and to workers he promised security. He ga ined the financial support of bankers and industrialists with his hostility towards Communism and promises to control trade unionism. Shortly after coming to power, Hitler’s Third Reich established the Ministry of Propaganda, whose aim was to ensure the Nazi message was successfully communicated through art, music, theater, films, books, radio, educational materials and the media.Films in particular played an important role in disseminating racial Anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as â€Å"subhuman† creatures infiltrating an Aryan society. The Ministry successfully censored and/or eliminated any viewpoint it felt posed a threat to Nazi beliefs or to the regime leaving only the propagandistic message available to the masses. The Cold War Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union forced the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union into wartime cooperation despite their past tensions.However, from the start, the alliance between the world's leading eco nomic power, the world's largest colonial empire and the world's first Communist state was marked by mutual distrust and ideological tension. The Cold War began shortly after the end of World War II over disagreements on how postwar Europe should be rebuilt. While neither side ever â€Å"officially† fought the other, as the consequences would be too appalling with the Soviet Union’s Red Army and the Americans possession of the A-bomb, they did wage an incredible war of propaganda.Soviet propaganda focused mainly on overcoming such hardships as exploitation of the working class, racial discrimination and discrimination against women. Their propaganda described the Soviet society as a modern, progressive culture. While they relied upon a variety of resources for propaganda, their posters were the Soviet’s most influential pieces. These posters focused upon the achievements of Russian communists politically, economically and technologically.Domestically, these post ers aimed at increasing government support and building patriotism. Many posters focused upon anti-American sentiments. The American capitalist was portrayed as a large, plump old man dressed in a tuxedo and hat. Typical actions of the capitalist in Soviet posters included withholding grain from hungry peasants or running over children with his shiny car. These posters attacked the benefits of the wealth that result from capitalism, while other posters showed the effects of capitalism on poverty.In 1942 the United States created the Office of War Information (OWI), which was responsible for disseminating anti-communist propaganda in order to convince American's that the US was justified in this new battle. The anti-communist propaganda made American's fearful and strengthened the movement to support the United States' opposition to communist states. This propaganda saturated books, pamphlets, comics, films, and radio for nearly 30 years during the Cold War. Hollywood films became a common feature to further propagandize the communist platform with titles such as Apocalypse Now, Red Dawn and Dr. Strangelove .Among its wide-ranging responsibilities, OWI reviewed and approved the design and content of government posters and established the Voice of America, as a method of transmitting its messages to the masses. Voice of America still remains the official government broadcasting service of the United States today. Funded by the US government, it defines itself as an international broadcasting service boasting 1,000 hours of news, information, educational, and cultural programming weekly to a worldwide audience of approximately 115 million people†. Propaganda in North America Today 9/11 and the ‘War on Terrorism’In the wake of 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centers in 2001, then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld quickly created a modern version of the OWI, with the Office of Strategic Influence (OSI) to disseminate war information. In the critical â€Å"planning stages† leading up to an invasion of Iraq, the twisting of public opinion in the US, and around the world, was an integral part of their war agenda. Acts of war were proclaimed â€Å"humanitarian interventions† geared towards â€Å"regime change† and â€Å"the restoration of democracy†. Military occupation and the killing of civilians are presented as â€Å"peace-keeping†.In news reports on actual, possible or future terrorist attacks, the propaganda campaign exhibited a consistent pattern referring to ‘reliable sources’ or a ‘growing body of evidence’; and included key phrases such as terrorist groups involved had ‘ties to Bin Laden’ or Al Qaeda†. News reports unwittingly confirmed the America’s need to initiate â€Å"pre-emptive actions directed against these various terrorist organizations and/or the foreign governments that harbour the terrorists†. These types of news reports were also used to justify ethnic profiling and mass arrests of presumed terrorists.As it had done during the Cold War, the government also influenced the scope and direction of many Hollywood productions as immediately following 9/11. One third of Hollywood productions were war movies that reinforced the message of patriotism such as Black Hawk Down and Spy Game. In their book Propaganda and Persuasion , authors Garth Jowett and Victoria O’Donnell suggest that overtly patriotic national celebrations are forms white propaganda. Celebrations such as the Fourth of July or Canada Day are designed to increase patriotism by bolstering national pride and glorifying ‘dying for one’s country’.In 1991, President Bush went to watch one of the US’ oldest annual Independence Day celebrations held in Missouri. Wearing an American flag in his pocket, he praised American troops who fought in the Persian Gulf saying â€Å"the war had made ever yone in the country proud to say ‘I am an American and I love my country’. † These types of propagandistic celebrations are crucial in times of war, drawing on the emotions of its countrymen in order for the government to gain support for its actions. My Canada Includes Quebec In 1995, Canadians faced the possibility of the province of Quebec’s separation from Canada.Since the referendum battle was over the hypothetical situation with complex facts and nationalist emotions, the most important fight of the referendum was for the minds and spirits of the Quebec voters. Spearheaded by the separatist Bloc Quebecois Party, Quebec residents were fed a continuous stream of negative images of federalism into their collective psyche. The majority of the propaganda during the referendum came from the Bloc Quebecois (separatists) and Party Quebecois (nationalists) who used a combination of party ideas, facts and images to spread the idea that rest of Canada would neve r recognize Quebec's distinctiveness.To that end, Nationalists launched the slogan that â€Å"a vote for the Non is a vote for the status quo†. However, the majority of their propagandistic campaign revolved around discrediting federalism as harming Quebec to help to reinforce their core nationalist support; presenting their images of a peaceful, easy separation and the inevitability of Quebec becoming a â€Å"normal† nation-state. On the flip side, Federalists launched their own campaign to counter the pro-separatist and nationalist propagandistic messaging.Federalists employed facts of the high cost of separation and the dangers of instability and ethnic conflict, as an attempt to for force the Nationalists into defending the need of an independent state. Today most of the propaganda in the North America comes from governments and ‘various private entities’. In this respect, propaganda is an ambiguous term that can often meaning the same as advertising. Radio, newspaper, posters, books, and anything else the government might send out to the widespread public can be considered, by definition, propaganda. Advertising as PropagandaIn the early 20th century, the founders of the growing public relations industry originally used the term propaganda to describe their activities. This usage died out around the time of World War II, as the industry started to avoid the word, given the negative connotation it had acquired. Whatever you call it, advertising is a form of propaganda as it is ever-present and the message it carries is a result of ulterior motives by people who want to make money and maintain the status quo. Alongside the news, advertising is a tool that shapes public opinion.Everywhere you look there is some form of advertising, whether you’re driving a car or taking public transit, there is advertising. Billboards, posters, newspapers, magazines – everywhere we turn we are exposed to some form of advertising pushi ng a product, concept or belief on to us. Advertising is a fiercely competitive industry with success won not necessarily by the best product, but rather with the best advertising. As advertising relies on the amount of coverage or penetration, coupled with the quality of the delivery, it is easy to see how it compares to propaganda.If a tag or a brand logo is reproduced enough to become recognizable by a large section of the community, it becomes part of the social landscape and instantly embedded into the mind. Advertising has evolved from its beginnings as a text-based medium highlighting a product’s merits into the marketing feelings, lifestyle and fantasy with advertising campaigns such as Calvin Klein’s Obsession, which feature highly sexualized images that convey beauty and virility though photographs of almost nude models.Consumers have become oblivious to the propagandistic qualities of advertising but are not immune to its effects. Look at the successful mark eting of Energizer batteries with its creation of its Energizer Bunny ®. Since 1989, Energizer has featured its bunny in their commercials, hammering the simple message ‘it keeps going and going†¦ ’ into the minds of consumers. Energizer is an excellent example of a company that has successfully ensured consumers understand their product message by employing the techniques of propaganda.When watching a commercial for Energizer, consumers now immediately associate the infamous pink bunny to the Energizer product. For it’s success, the Energizer Bunny ® campaign was recognized as one of the Top Five Advertising Icons of the 20th Century, and has received multiple television advertising awards. Conclusion Throughout history, propaganda has been used and misused to suit the needs of governments during times of crisis, such as war and political instability, and to garner support for private causes such as Christianity in the fourth century.With increased lite racy and information readily available to support and/or refute arguments, society is more alert to messages of government/political propaganda and what is strictly information dissemination than its forefathers. However, under the guise of advertising, propaganda continues to be an acceptable tool of persuasion – a multi-billion dollar industry in fact! Consumers are critical when analyzing information presented by governing bodies, yet readily accept the messages/promising conveyed in advertising. Would society be as indifferent to advertising if it were still called propaganda?The formation of watchdog groups, such as Adbusters, call attention of the propagandistic messages by questioning facts and parodying advertising campaigns with unpleasant product realities. With their proclaimed goal to â€Å"[get] folks to get mad about corporate disinformation †, Adbusters’ has created campaigns such as TV Turnoff Week, a method of mass protest against the inundation of commercial messages. While such watchdog groups call attention to advertising’s one-sided, self-serving message, it is up to consumers to pay attention to product messaging and its effects on our culture.

PESTEL Analysis (Coca Cola Bottlers Philippines Inc.) Essay

Political Factors Political analysis examines the current and potential influences from political pressures. The non-alcoholic beverages falls in the category under the FDA and the government plays a role within the operation of manufacturing these products. In terms of regulations, the government has the power to set potential fines for the companies that did not meet their standard law requirement. The changes in laws and regulations, such as accounting standards, taxation requirements and environmental laws and foreign jurisdictions might affect the book of the company as well as their entry in foreign country. Other than that, the changes in the nature of business as non-alcoholic beverages can gain competitive product and pricing pressures and the ability to improve or maintain the share in sales in global market as a result of action by competitors. The political conditions of the country are also basis of the study, especially in internal markets and other governmental changes that affects thei r ability to penetrate the developing and emerging markets that involves the political and economic conditions. However, Coca Cola continuously monitoring the policies and regulations set by the government. Economic Factors Economic analysis examines the local, national and world economy impact which is also includes the issue of recession and inflation rates. The non-alcoholic beverage industry has high sales in countries outside the U.S. According to the Standard and Poor’s Industry surveys, â€Å"For major soft drink companies, there has been economic improvement in many major international markets, such as Japan, Brazil, and Germany.† These markets will continue to play a major role in the success and stable growth for a majority of the non-alcoholic beverage industry. Social Factors The changes in society affect the organization such as changing in lifestyles and attitudes of the market. Consumers from the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly concerned with nutrition. There is a large population of the  age range known as the baby boomers. Since many are reaching an older age in life they are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity. This will continue to affect the non-alcoholic beverage industry by increasing the demand overall and in the healthier beverages. The demand for carbonated drinks decreases and this pulled down the revenues of Coca Cola. Technological Factors Technology is the main focus of the analysis where the introduction and the emerging technological techniques are valued. This creates opportunities for new products and product improvements in terms of marketing and production. As the technology advances, new products are introduced into the market. The advancement in technology has led to the creation of cherry coke in 1985 but consumers still prefers the traditional taste of the original coke. Environmental Factors Environmental analysis examines the local, national and world environmental issues. According to the data of the Coca Cola Company, all of the facilities are strictly monitored according to the environmental laws imposed by the government Legal Factors Legal aspect focuses on the effect of the national and world legislation. The Coca Cola Company receives all the rights applicable in the nature of their business and every inventions and product developments are always going into the patented process.

Modernity in Kiray-a Poetry

MODERNITY IN KINARAY-A POETRY A Study of 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a Poems using the concept of Modernity An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to Division of Humanities College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines in the Visayas Miagao, Iloilo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Bachelor of Arts in Literature By Tricy E. Sumugat October 2008 APPROVAL SHEET The Undergraduate Thesis Attached entitled Modernity in Kinaray-a Poetry A Study of 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a Poems using the concept of Modernity prepared by Tricy E. SumugatIn partial fulfillment for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Literature Is hereby recommended for acceptance and approval __________________________________________ Prof. Milagros Legislador Prof. Celia Parcon ____________________ Prof. Jonathan P. Jurilla Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Literature ____________________ Prof. Jonathan P. Jurilla Chair Division of Humanities colleg e of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines in the Visayas 5023 Miagao, Iloilo Table of ContentsTitle Page †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. I Approval Sheet †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. II Acknowledgment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. III Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. IV Chapter I Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Statement of the Problem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Objectives of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Significance of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Chapter II Review of Related Literatures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Chapter III Theoretical Framework †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter IV Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Chapter V Analysis and Discussion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Chapter VI Conclusion and Recommendation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 Chapter VII Works Ci ted †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 Chapter VII Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 Acknowledgment My gratitude to the following: Prof. Jonathan Jurilla who helped me for my research topic and for the challenging criticisms and comments on my work which boost my interest to be a better literature student; Prof. Rosela Zaragoza, Prof. Rosario Asong, Prof.Maybelle Guillergan, Prof Milagros Legislador, Prof. Celia Parcon and Prof. Oveta Villareal for giving me lots of beautiful things in literature; Prof. Raymundo Piccio and Dr. Leoncio Deriada for being so nice as a teacher and for sharing new knowledge; To the staff of the Antique Provincial Library and Paranubliun Antique for their assistanc e during my research; JAZZ INTERNET cafe for the fast access of their computer; James Philip Javines for the company when I have my research and for the types of assistances; Rodolfo and Francisca, my parents as y strength and inspiration to pursue life; Ricky my only brother for the extra time to help; God for giving me such knowledge. Abstract The Modernity in Kinaray-a Poetry – A study of 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a poems using the concept of Modernity is written to analyze the poems in Kinaray-a using the concept of Modernity. This study aims to gather 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a poems and examine the discourses of â€Å"modernity† or postmodernity as embedded in 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a poems.These poems are taken from a book The Rise of Kinaray-a and literary issues. This study concludes that there are four major concerns of â€Å"modernity† present in 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a poems. Suprisingly, the poems reveals that this generation has already identified themselves with modernity that the past is no longer present or common ways in the past slowly fades and rural lands had been attracted to transfer in urban areas for opportunities and fast access on facilities. Chapter I Introduction Kinaray-a literature is known to have an exciting tradition.The siday, known to be ancient Kinaray-a poem performed during the pamalaye or betrothal and luy-a luy-a or religious ritual. According to Villarreal (1997), siday is a generic term to refer to all folks of Panay and Negros. Modern poetry in Kinaray-a are mostly in free verse. A poem in Kinaray-a is called binalaybay. Binalaybay is famous during fiesta in various places in Antique especially in barangay 3 town of San Jose, mostly performed by old folks. Kinaray-a, is a language mostly used by Antiquenos.According to â€Å"The Rise of Kinaray-a, a book by Alex C. Delos Santos, Kinaray-a is one of the minor languages classified under Austronesian/Malayo-Polynesian lineage. It is spoken in all o f Antique, from Libertad to Anini-y, parts of Aklan and Capiz, most of Iloilo, and even in Negros Occidental where the biggest number of sakadas, seasonal workers in the haciendas, is Kinaray-a from Antique. It is difficult to trace the origin of Kinaray-a but old folks says it comes from the root word iraya which means high place where water comes from.In the absence of print, there had been two media through which Kinaray-a literature persisted, through radio and theater. These actually served the transition from purely oral to written literature according to Delos Santos (2003). Other than radio and theater, the fast outcome of modern technology had a great help among Antiquenos as well as Antiqueno writers. The emergence of â€Å"Balita Antiqueno† in Buenavista Cable and the â€Å"Kinaray-a. com† an Antiqueno community website had been a way for Kinaray-a to fully show their talents as well as poetry.Issues on gender roles, and class races have been used in many st udies but rare cases on Modernity. Modernity is used as a framework for this study to present new concepts in literature, for in Kinaray-a poems modernity is also prominent. Statement of the problem This study is meant to analyze Modernity in 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a poems by different Antiqueno authors. Objectives of the study This study aims to: 1. gather 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a poems and; 2. examine the discourses of â€Å"modernity† or postmodernity as embedded in 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a poems Significance of the studyMost people especially in West Visayas think that Kinaray-a poetry lacks value and that Kinaray-a is just an oppressive part of literary world due to the fact that â€Å"Kinaray-a writers suffered a form of oppression by the hegemony of Hiligaynon† (Delos Santos 2003). Somehow, this leads to the decline of the interest of Kinaray-a writer to bloom their hidden talents. Kinaray-a writers uses Tagalog, English or Hiligaynon instead of using Kinaray -a as a language for their written text to escape from civilized people’s view that Kinaray-a as a language is â€Å"buki† or unusual. Modernity reatly influenced young writers nowadays. â€Å"Students that are products of Universities† (The Rise of Kinaray-a 2003 p. 32). These students mostly come from provinces, barrios/rural lands, that within their written poems, modernity is highly present. Chapter II Review of Related Literature Dr. Alicia P. Magos wrote The Enduring Maaram: An Ethnography of a Kinaray-a village in Antique (1992), known to be one of the first comprehensive studies on an Antiqueno life. And this inspires to bloom the title Maaram: Studies on Antique an anthology of essays and papers on Antique, by Antiquenos, for Antiquenos.A maaram refers to a medicine man (shaman) as an intermediary between the sick and the spirit world. According to Maaram, very little about Antique could be seen in printed materials such as tourist brochures, fiesta sou venir programs, and sketchy legends of each of the 18 towns of the Province. This could be one of the basis that even poems in Kinaray-a is not widely known among other people and that writers in Kinaray-a uses Tagalog, English or even Hiligaynon in writing their poems and a little of them uses Kinaray-a.In the Inaugural Lecture with the theme â€Å"Textualizing Kinaray-a in the Republic of Letters† held in UPV (2008). Tomasito Talledo says, â€Å"its not necessary to translate Kinaray-a poems into English neither Tagalog or Hiligaynon, and anyone who wants to study the poems but does not know the Kinaray-a language, will do well by learning it. † This line of Talledo stresses that Kinaray-a writers tend to escape to their native language. Modernity is one of the reasons because natives or parents from rural lands send their children in urban schools to have fast access in facilities due to modernity.Kinaray-a literature fro Antiquenos is way through which they could r eflect the essence and presence of modernity, that in one way or another being â€Å"modern† is not a choice but a need. Furthermore most written works of Kinaray-a young writers modernity is reflected for one reason is they have been products of Universities. Talented individuals that have been influenced by the norms and culture within the urban areas. Moreover, Ma. Milagros G. Lachica is the first Kinaray-a to gain recognition given by the CCP Literature Grants for Poetry in 1989.Her work â€Å"Antike: Lupa kag baybay sa pinggan† (Antique: Land and sea on a plate) spoke of the poetry and social ills of the Province. This doesn’t mean she was the first one to write in Kinaray-a. Russell Tordesillas may have been the first one. He wrote his manuscripts which he read on air in DYKA (radio station in Antique). Next to win the CCP grant is Alex C. Delos Santos and followed by other Kinaray-a writers. This begins when Lachica and Delos Santos attended the workshop of Hilgaynon writers in UPV because there were no groups of Kinaray-a writers.In Antique, only Sumakwelan could be considered but its members compose of Hiligaynon writers. Dr. Leoncio Deriada as the panelist (Professor in UPV and a writer) told Lachica and Delos Santos to try the writing grant and use Kinaray-a in their entry. There were no other individuals who could write better the story of Antique but only the Kinaray-a people and Kinaray-a literature should value most by Antiquenos. A writer has the responsibility in the language he/she uses. Additionally, Kinaray-a writers didn’t have the means to publish but they did a lot of writing too only in Hiligaynon because it was the only way to get published.There is a big break for individuals to take chance in reading and appreciate Kinaray-a literature especially those in the academe, if only Kinaray-a writers will use Kinaray-a in their written works. The big problem which Kinaray-a people does not observe, there is less use of Kinaray-a in writing. Among various languages, Antiquenos must obliged to use Kinaray-a than use other languages such as Tagalog, English and Hiligaynon, because it is the language they are used to and its quickly for them to catch ideas on paper.As for modern poetry, or free verse, Sumakwelan writers suggested the term hilwalaybay for â€Å"hilway nga binalaybay†; hilway means free, according to The Rise of Kinaray-a (2003). But the Kinaray-a writers did not catch on, and preferred to use binalaybay, whether rhyming or free verse. Most of the poems of Kinaray-a writers are in free verse. Sometimes, the Hiligaynon coinage dilambong, for â€Å"dila nga maambong† (beautiful tongue), is also being used. Poet John Iremil E. Teodoro suggest the use of them dilambong to mean poetry.It points not to the poem itself, but to the art of writing a poem, according to The Rise of Kinaray-a (2003). Chapter III Theoretical Framework Modernity is a shorthand term for modern soc iety or industrial civilization. Portrayed in more detail, it is associated with (1) a certain set of attitudes towards the world, the idea of the world as open to transformation by human intervention (2) a complex economic institutions, especially industrial production and a market economy (3) a certain range of political institutions, including the nation state and mass democracy.Largely as a result of these characteristics, modernity is vastly more dynamic than any previous type of social order. It is a society more technically, a complex of institutions-which unlike any preceding culture lives in the future rather than the past (Gidden 1998, p. 94). In Jurilla's analysis, â€Å"Modernity is a powerful cultural construction that usually favors the originator – the West. Western modernity has always been maintained as the standard civilization. A person that is not modern is â€Å"manol† or uncivilized.A person that does not submit to modernity's cultural apparatuse s is either a beast or a god. † Furthermore, Raul Pertierra presents three features of modernity: â€Å"the nation-state as the main site of sovereignty, the extraordinary gains in science and technology and the rise and prominence of culture as a socially constituted activity. Personal identity or individuality is also one distinguished discourse of modernity. For in modernity, norms are subdued to give way to the sovereign individual who is the source of knowledge and reason.Modernity is simply the sense or the idea that the present is discontinuous with the past that through a process of social and cultural change life in the present is fundamentally different from the past. The â€Å"crisis of modernity† is the sense that modernity is a problem, that traditional ways of life have been replaced with uncontrollable change and unmanageable alternatives. The crisis itself is merely the sense that the present is a transitional point not focused on a clear goal in the fu ture but simply changing through forces outside our control, but this study limit itself to modernity in 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a poems.Chapter IV Methodology To start this study, the researcher gathered related literatures from books of Antique Provincial Library, and researches from the Internet. Scope and Limitation This study focus only on the 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a poems of different authors taken from the following books and literary issues: Binirayan ’08: Manggad nga Antiqeno, Paranublion kang Filipino Binirayan 2007: Culture and Arts The Rise of Kinaray-a: History and Anthology of Contemporary Literature in Antique, These poems are: 1. Laragway (Florentina Egida) 2. Halin kay Nanay (Ma. Felicia Flores) 3.Paglatas kang handum ( Ma. Felicia Flores) 4. Iliili kang Manugpatad (Ma. Milagros Geremia-Lachica) 5. Hinugot sa post card (Jose Edison C. Tondares) 6. Strit Ekis (Jose Edison C. Tondares) 7. Sugidanun (Lucena C. Tondares) 8. Sulat (Ma. Milagros Geremia- Lachica) 9. Ang Tumuluon (Genevieve C. Arnaez) 10. Patadyong (Linda Casalan Arnaez) 11. Tag-ururan (Francisco Javier III) 12. Dyoker ay (Ma. Milagros Geremia- Lachica) 13. Sa Kinaray-a (Reymar B. Gallego) 14. Ra Tana! (Stephen Checa) 15. Ang Ginawali sa Atlantic City (Ma. Milagros Geremia-Lachica) Chapter V Analysis and Discussion I.Modernity & the Environment Sometimes, it’s not the land that waits. In many cases, Antiquenos leave because there is no land to speak of, (Delos Santos 2003 p. 49). In cities there are lots of opportunities to grab while in native lands, there is no assurance. Modernity shapes the urban areas through the presence of modern technologies, facilities, etc. In Egida’s poem Laragway†, nature’s beauty can no longer be seen. In the first stanza, Pintahan mo ako kang bukid Mga kahoy gapaindis-indis. Pintahan mo ako kang banglid Nga ang kilid bukut it pud-is. Kay daw sa damgo ko lang dya nakita.Most of beautiful views we could see nowadays are almost man made which have a big difference from nature’s beauty of the past which is natural. Nowadays, agricultural lands are being transformed into industrial lands in which big infrastructures are built. In the first stanza to the last stanza, the persona can only see nature’s beauty only in his dreams. Another poem is â€Å"Tag-ururan†, the rain and mother’s tear is compared to sacrifices and sufferings. In the lines, Nagbilin kang danaw ang uran Sa salug makita ang langit Ang luha ni nanay sangka dagat Naga hiribiun para sa atupThe mother wanted to escape from poverty, in the lines, San-o ayhan mamara kang adlaw Ang luha kag uran The mother wanted a more concrete house specifically a better roof to comfort her family when heavy rain comes. II. Modernity & Education Modernity in education is also present in Kinaray-a poems. Many have been lured by the city, especially the natives. For in urban areas, their children could engage in the fast access of facilities and lots of opportunities. Modernity and education gives assurance to natives to have a secure future. In â€Å"Halin kay Nanay†, Inday felt bad for a delayed allowance.Most parents at present times sends their children in urban schools, to have a better and secure future, because they believe that it is the only way to lift them up from poverty. Halin kay Nanay is also a form of protest in the lines, Inday, Nagsungon gid ikaw Wara kami dayon kapadara Buhay mabaton ang sulat Hay nagbaha ang suba Nautod ang tulay the breakdown of the bridge is one of the causes why Inday’s allowance was delayed. If banks are present in Inday’s place, the mother does not need to wait for the reconstruction of the bridge, instead she will deposit in Inday’s account and Inday can get her allowance anytime.The mother believes that technology can somehow help her for a faster way of sending Inday’s allowance. â€Å"Paglatas kang Handum† is another poem which also shows that sending a child in urban schools would mean greener pasture. In the lines, Indi namun ikaw ni Tatay mo pagpunggan Ano man abi ang imo mangin paraabuton rugya sa uma Wara man kami ti inogpanubli kanimo maski sampingas the mother believes that living in a remote place is useless or having no future if compared to cities. Another poem â€Å"Sulat†, a letter comes from the province had received by a student studying in the city. At the bottom of he letter the words were not clear and it seems there were islands formed in the lines, Naglubad ang iban nga mga tinaga Daw mga isla kon turukun The student searched where Antique is Ginpangita kon diin nayon ang Antique Nay, indi ko run mabasa ang sulat mo Raku pa nga isla ang nagturuhaw Napuno run ang pahina The student could no longer read the letter of her mother. In the last eight lines of the poem, the daughter pleaded to her mother not to write her again because she doesn’t want to see the islands aga in. In the lines, Nay, indi run ako pagsulati Indi run natun pagpaayawan ang karteroKinii ang paggamit kang tinta Agud indi mamantsahan ang lamesa mo sa kusina Kag ang mga isla Indi ko gusto nga makita ruman. Nagapalangga, Ang imo anak. These lines also convey to its readers that the student wanted to forget the place where she came from because it’s a province. III. Natives favor Modernity Natives are in favor to modernity. The poem â€Å"Ang Tumuluon†, the student has questions that longed for answers and compared it to the particle that somehow floating within the personas thought, Sa paramangkutanun nga daw mga bagtuk nga nagalabugay Sa akun paminsarun. In the lines, Namit gid man ang importedBisan sabor kang sara-sara, Malipatan mo. The student appreciates the taste of an imported drinks offered to hi, but still the answers didn’t show up and the student felt more nervous in the lines, Garing hay, Wara gid naglugdang Ang mga lagtuk Sa akun pensar, Nagtubo p a ang nerbyos ko. In these lines, the student is bothered by the effect of imported goods. This poem has an imagery of how people were blinded by imported goods/products that it has a bad contribution to our own Philippine product, that in one way or another, instead of buying local products, people are eager to buy imported ones.This poem somehow reflects how individuals/natives behavior is changed by modernity that life in the present greatly differs from the past. â€Å"Patadyong† is another poem, patadyong is a native product woven into different designs. Unlike before, patadyong has limited uses, but because of modernity, it is now used for different fashion shows. From a simple cloth to elegant gowns. kon kaisa, wara naga ararangay ang imo mga duag pero katingalahan, nagapabilin kaw nga maanyag kabay nga duro pa gid ang magasuksuk kanimo Kinaray-a. Com- patadyong kang Antikenyo.Moreover, because of modernity patadyong does not only referred to as a cloth but also as a c ommunity website which is the kinaray-a. com that makes Antiqueno unite and shapes the Antiqueno identity. The poem â€Å"Hinugot sa postcard†, Labtugs mother appreciates the characteristics of Labtug’s wife who came from the city, Kang nag-abot ikaw Halin sa syudad Rugya sa amun sa Igcococ, Raku ang nagkuon nga swerte gid Ang bata ko nga si Labtug. According to Jurilla, a person who is not modern is termed as â€Å"manol† in the lines, Kon maglatay kaw gani Sa mga kahon sa tunga kang parayan,Daw hinugot ikaw Sa nagainaw-inaw nga post card. The mother is very conscious of the woman’s behaviors who came from the city even on the ways the woman walked to the field. The poem itself reflects a mother’s view to a civilized woman. She has not considered the behavior of Labtug’s wife as an adaptation to the tradition in a barrio but instead, Labtug’s mother is very appreciative of a woman’s behavior coming from the city, that somehow Labtug’s wife is different among other native women. Native’s view that marrying a man/woman from the city is a lucky catch.Also in the poem â€Å"Sugidanun†, the â€Å"karne† (meat) represents change which made the persona in the poem doubt if change would be grasped or not. Mayuhut nga karne Akon ginligon-ligon But due to â€Å"modernity†, traditional ways of life have been replaced with uncontrollable change and unmanageable alternatives. The persona realized of accepting change specifically modernity, Daw parehas lang Ka binuy-an mo Nga sugidanum: Mapait Pero akun gintulun. Another poem â€Å"Ra Tana†, the first stanza shows the difference of a car into a carriage and uses as a status symbol within the society.Ang awto kag ang karusa Rayu gid kun ikumparar ta Ang tanda kag suruklan dya Pangabuhi sa syudad kag uma Moreover, from the second stanza to the last stanza, when natives goes into the city, he/she is ashamed of using the native la nguage and uses other language. They adapt themselves to how people in the city socialize. The reason is civilized people view native language as unusual or â€Å"buki†. The poem itself addresses its readers that native people have been influenced by modernity, that instead of being proud of their own native language, they rather choose to speak other languages or dialects.In â€Å"Sa Kinaray-a†, also shows how modernity changes the early ways of having friends. Nowadays, Internet can be access any time and a person can have friends at anytime. This poem somehow tells that Kinaray-a people have been united by the Internet. IV. Modernity in Lifestyle The leisure time of natives nowadays are mostly influenced by Western Culture which is a great representation of modernity. Gambling is influenced by Western countries such as Spain. In â€Å"Dyoker ay†, a mother believes on her luck in â€Å"madjong† and ignores her child who is pleading for a food at supper, Nay, indi run magpautangSi manding Sibya ano bay idapli namun! The mother continued playing while having â€Å"tsismis† (gossips) with other gamblers, Ano bay kuon ni Posang Hay may dara si Idok na Nga Sibwana kuno? and even somebody asked her to go home because her husband was drunk, still the mother continued playing, M're buslan ‘ta kaw Uli ‘to anay Nalingin kuno si Polding mo In the last line of the poem â€Å"Dyoker ay†, the mother won in â€Å"madjong† and retains her luck. This poem represents the modern ways of leisure time and somehow source of income of natives that instead of thinking for a better work, they still prefer gambling.The next poem is another form or representation of gambling. Lottery is a form of gambling and millions of people are engaged into it. People wasted much money in trying their luck at lottery and win millions of pesos if they are lucky enough. In â€Å"Iliili kang Manugpatad†, a father keeps trying his luc k even if he was out of luck, Dimalas gid ang sabat Mapatad ta liwat but still hope of winning and says he will try again his luck.. Another poem is â€Å"Strit Ekis† the people were also engaged into gambling such as lottery. In the lines Ay tabang! Tabang! May nagbungguanay the people were crowded because there was an accident.But instead of helping they are bothered of a certain happening and objects that signifies or represents numbers, Ano gani ang numero Kang dugo? Kang traysikel tana? Ay! ay nagabusong! Ay abaw! Ano? May nagabusong pa! Sige! Abaya sa numero! Srit ekis! Pulo ang patad. Ay tabang! Tabang! Ay abaw it was a late realization for the people to help those in the accident. Another poem is â€Å"Ang Ginawali sa Atlantic City†, its surprising to know that even in church, modernity is present. In the lines, Pinasahi ang bagting ka mga simbahan relihiyon ka swerte ang ginawali kang mga kaparian kang kapalaran a Caesars, Trump Marina, Sands, Taj Mahal ukon B orgata The ringing of the bell in Atlantic City’s church is different among others. In these lines, prayers are not just viewed as a way to praise God but also to have a prosperous life. It is not the teachings of God that enables people to attend mass instead it’s the physical appearance of the church beauty that pushes people to offer prayers and big offerings, daragkul nga mga katedral nagairigpat, nagapanghagad sa mga tumuluo sa paghalad pagnobena kag pagsimba sa altar ka mga slot machines kag baraha; The church is also open 24 hours a day,Sa dya'ng mga simmbahan ang mga misa wara't katapusan adlaw-adlaw sanda bukas sa byente kwatro oras Somehow churches in Atlantic City represents modernity wherein people forgotten the early ways of praising God. In the last lines, Parehas kang pagkanabaw kang dya'ng relihiyon nga napasad, bukut sa bato kundi sa pagsipal sa swerte nga ginadamgo. religion is slowly vanishing and later on would be viewed only as a way of having pros perity. Chapter VI Conclusion and Recommendation Contemporary Kinaray-a poetry are mostly works of young writers that have been products of Universities. To borrow Deriada’s words. The neglect of the countryside in favor of the big city. † This is somehow the reason why in present works of Kinaray-a writers, â€Å"modernity† is present or reflected. There are four major concerns of â€Å"modernity† present in 15 Contemporary Kinaray-a poems. These are: 1. Environment. Modernity in the environment is one way through which individuals tend to leave the native land. Natives are somehow longing for the past but it was already changed or gone away because of modernity 2. Education. Natives send their children in urban schools for the fast access on facilities and this gives them hope. 3.Natives being in favored to modernity. They have this notion that being in favored to modernity would mean lots of opportunities and 4. Gambling as social vice. Modernity in gam bling could highly show that in leisure time and lifestyle of natives nowadays, â€Å"modernity† is present The concept of modernity makes us understand that the present is discontinuous with the past, than through a process of social and cultural change, life in the present is fundamentally different form the past. These poems make us believe that modernity highly affects us individuals that we have adapted through the process of change due to â€Å"modernity†.This generation has already identified themselves with modernity in this case, the past is no longer present or common ways in the past slowly fades and rural lands had been attracted to transfer in urban areas for opportunities and fast access on facilities. Literature is a marginalized field but its change due to â€Å"modernity† is not felt by all. Further research is also recommended for the better understanding of â€Å"modernity’s† effect in Contemporary Kinaray-a poems. Works Cited Bo oks Binirayan ’08: Manggad nga Antiqeno, Paranublion kang Filipino. Special Literary Issue Binirayan 2007: Culture and Arts Issue.Published by Binirayan Foundation, Inc. 2/F Antique Development Center MAARAM: Studies on Antique, University of San Agustin, edited by Alex C. Delos Santos. Copyright ©2003 by Paranublion-Antique,Inc. Delos Santos, Alex. The Rise of Kinaray-a: History and Anthology of Contemporary Literature in Antique, 2003. Selden, Raman, Peter Widdowson, and Peter Brooker. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory. 4th ed. Great Britain:Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1997 Bhaba, Homi K. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Race’and the Revision of Modernity. †Postcolonoial Criticisms. Eds. Pertierra, Raul. The Work of Culture. Manila:De la Salle University Press,Inc. 002 Electronic Sources http://www. kinaray-a. com/content/category/5/16/75/50/0/ http://www. kinaray-a. com/content/section/5/36/ http://www. google. com. ph/search? hl=tl&q=kinaray-a+p oetry&meta= http://members. tripod. com/~adsantos/index_3. html http://nening. com/panay. html http://www. kinaray-a. com/component/option,com_fireboard/Itemid,155/func,view/catid,17/id,9495/ http://members. tripod. com/~adsantos/tabig. html http://www. fanstory. com/index1. jsp? pt=1&gclid=CPHXpdeX_pUCFQLObwod0QMtEw Appendix Laragway (Florentina Egida) Pintahan mo ako kang bukid Mga kahoy gapaindis-indis. Pintahan mo ako kang banglidNga ang kilid bukut it pud-is. Kay daw sa damgo ko lang dya nakita. Pintahan mo ako kang sapa Nga may kristal nga tubig. Pintahan mo ako kang suba; Tubig nga matin-aw ‘gailig. Kay man sa damgo ko lang dya makita. Himuan mo kang kapatagan; Mga tanum sa hangin gasaot. Ibutang mo ang kadagatan; Mag isda gapisik sa lawod. Kay daw sa damgo ko run lang dya makita. Halin kay Nanay (Ma. Felicia Flores) Inday, Nagsungon gid ikaw Wara kami dayon kapadara Buhay mabaton ang sulat Hay nagbaha ang suba Nautod ang tulay Kulang ang padara Ang tanum napyerde kang insekto Kag kulang ang abono. Ang baynte kabanes Nga atun naaniBuhinan pa pulo ka sako Bayad sa alili. Pero pabay-i lang ‘ra Hugud lang sa pagtuon mo. Paglatas kang handum ( Ma. Felicia Flores) Indi namun ikaw ni Tatay mo pagpunggan Ano man abi ang imo mangin paraabuton rugya sa uma Wara man kami ti inogpanubli kanimo maski sampingas Naman-an mo man nga ang atun gid lamang ginapanag-iyahan Ang dyang hayub-hayub Mayad lang gani ginapaistar kita rugya nanday Mistra Pila kag Pitan Bonoy sa andang bantud nga libre Sa imong pagpanaw ang solo namun nga pabalon Sangka himpit nga parangadium nga kabay sa syudad Indi ikaw magtalang. Iliili kang Manugpatad (Ma. Milagros Geremia-Lachica)Iliili hipus anay Wara rugya imong tatay Rugto sa banwa Nagpatad sa lateri Iliili basi may swirti Iliili turog anay Nag-abot run imong tatay Ti kamusta ano ang igu? Dimalas gid ang sabat Mapatad ta liwat Iliili damgo anay Ihani dayon sa imong tatay Linugaw nga sangka yahong? Orim buk ang pamangkutan kon m ay numiro nga kombinasyon Iliili hipus run lang Sigi ubusa imong suam Bisan samuan pa Ka marahalun nga gatas Ang linugaw nga imong ginpahamgo Bantayi lang kon magtupa Swirti natun sa numiro. Hinugot sa post card (Jose Edison C. Tondares) Kang nag-abot ikaw Halin sa syudad Rugya sa amun sa Igcococ, Raku ang nagkuon nga swerte gidAng bata ko nga si Labtug. Kon maglatay kaw gani Sa mga kahon sa tunga kang parayan, Daw hinugot ikaw Sa nagainaw-inaw nga post card. Debwenas gid ang bata ko Sagad man ikaw magraha Bisan pa abi makita ta ikaw Nga nagahibi bisan nagakihad kang sibuyas. Mauti ikaw kag raku ang imo malabhan. Kamaan man ikaw magsagod Kang inyong kasapatan. Nagatuontuon run gani ikaw Ka pananum kag pangarab. Kon mag-abot si Labtug Nga lingin halin sa pihak-baryo Ginasibinan mo kag paislan. Kang ang inyong subang Nagabahul nga mayad ang batasan. Bilang imo ugangan, Wara run ako ti masugyot pa kanimo. Tuduhi lang abi kaun Hay daw nagahagwus ikaw.Strit Ekis (Jose Edison C. Tondares) Ay tabang! Tabang! May nagbungguanay Dali! Ha? Ano gani ang numero Kang dugo? Kang traysikel tana? Ay! ay nagbusong! Ay abaw! Ano? May nagabusong pa! Sige! Abaya sa numero! Srit ekis! Pulo ang patad. Ay tabang! Tabang! Ay abaw Sugidanun (Lucena C. Tondares) Mayuhut nga karne Akon ginligon-ligon Daw parehas lang Ka binuy-an mo Nga sugidanum: Mapait Pero akun gintulun. Sulat (Ma. Milagros Geremia- Lachica) Nay, Nabuy-an ko ang imo sulat pagdawu kang kartero Tuman gali ka bug-at bisan sampanid lamang ang malauring nga tinta tama ka siri Seguro nagtagos sa lamesa mo sa kusinaPero sa ubus kang papel Naglubad ang iban nga mga tinaga Daw mga isla kon turukun Ginpangita kon diin nayon ang Antique Nay, indi ko run mabasa ang sulat mo Raku pa nga isla ang nagturuhaw Mapuno run ang pahina Kon ano man ang sugid mo parte kay Tatay Kag akun mga libayon Kaluy-an sanda kang Dios Nay, indi run ako pagsulati Indi run natun pagpaayawan ang kartero Kinii ang paggamit kang tinta Agud indi mamantsahan a ng lamesa mo sa kusina Kag ang mga isla Indi ko gusto nga makita ruman. Nagapalangga, Ang imo anak. Ang Tumuluon (Genevieve C. Arnaez) Balde gid an bitbit ko Surudlan kang sinaw nga sabat Sa paramangkutanun ga daw mga bagtuk nga nagalabugay Sa akun paminsarun. Pag-abot ko sa inyo Sangka tasun kang labaab Nga master's choice Ang gindawu mo. Namit gid man ang imported Bisan sabor kang sara-sara, Malipatan mo. Garing hay, Wara gid naglugdang Ang mga lagtuk Sa akun pensar, Nagtubo pa ang nerbyos ko. Patadyong (Linda Casalan Arnaez) duyan ni nini kg nonoy, ubit ni lola Puroy ni ontoy kag palda ni akay, kurtina kang mga daraga dekorasyon sa simbahan, hapin sa lamesa kang banwa layg kang baruto, kon mankayun sa iban nga isda ginhuman ikaw sa nasari-sari nga hilo kang pagkatawo may pula, may asul may bierde, may kaki may itum kag may puti ya tanan nagapabutyag kang imong kapinasahi kon kaisa, wara naga ararangay ang imo mga duag pero katingalahan, nagapabilin kaw nga maanyag kabay nga duro pa gid ang magasuksuk sa kanimo Kinaray-a. Com- patadyong kang Antikenyo. Tag-ururan (Francisco Javier III) Nagbilin kang danaw ang uran Sa salug makita ang langit Ang luha ni nanay sangka dagat Naga hiribiun para sa atup San-o ayhan mamara kang adlaw Ang luha kag uran Dyoker ay (Ma. Milagros Geremia- Lachica) Nay, indi run magpautang Si manding Sibya ano bay idapli namun! Tsariti! Ay linti nga bata Duro pa to' asin sa kuron Panaw, sabad Pong! Labay man akun Ano bay kuon ni PasangHay may dara si Idok na Nga Sibwana kuno? Todas! Atun-atun lang d'ta Piro bati ko Tri mants insayd kuno? Sikrit! M're buslan ‘ta kaw Uli ‘to anay Nalingin kuno si Polding mo Todas! Yawa nga bana akun ra Sagasa! Dyoker ay! Sa Kinaray-a (Reymar B. Gallego) Kita tanan nagkilalahay rudya sa kinaray-a Sa isara ka matahom nga pag-updanay nag-umpisa Sa una kung ikaw wara ti kilala Away ang status kag magabatyag kang kaluya. Una nga pamankot, taga diin ikaw amigo kag amiga? Kay ako gusto sa imo magpakil ala. Ang huya ginabuhinan kung kaisa Kay ang luyag magkasadya imaw sa mga kasimanwa. Kun ikaw bata pa sa iba nga nakilalaManong kag manang ang respeto nga pagtawag kananda Kag kung ang istorya medyo madalom na nilag mode anay ikaw hija. May nanay kag tatay kita rudya, pero hindi mag-asawa Pero ginkabig kita tanan nga myembro ka pamilya May lolo nga ginabayaan ni lola Pero asta tulad ana ginahigugma. May mga tita pa kita rudya sa kinaray-a Nga wara pag untat sa paghigugma sa mga kasimanwa Bisan gamay lang nga oras magalingling pa Makita lang nga mayad ang mga pinalangga da. Ang harakhak kang isara kag isara wara pag-untat Kun linabutaw ron ang topiko Makapahagan-hagan ka sakit sa ulo kag problema Ang mga manami nga pag-inistoryaPero kon seryoso ron ang paga-adtonan Hindi gid madura nga paghigugma ang paga-istoryahan Mga laygay ni manong kag ni manang Patiha ninyo kay para ria sa inyo kaaraydan. Kon kamo man magabatyag kang kaluya log in lang kamo sa kinaray-a Istoryaha si amigo kag a miga kag rudya duro gwapo kag gwapa. Mga kinaray-a ja nagtiriripon may halin sa Dubai kag may sa London Ang iban dyan lang sa San Jose ukon Patnongon Ang importante kita tanan maghiriugyon. Ra Tana! (Stephen Checa) Ang awto kag ang karusa Rayu gid kun ikumpara ta Ang tanda kag suruklan dya Pangabuhi sa syudad kag uma Sa pagpanglugayawan kang tawo Halin sa uma sa syudad paadtoPagginawi kag hambal ginabaylo Tungod nga ginakahuya didto Kinaray-a, ano bala ri-a? Tawag sa paghambal sa uma Nga kun mabatian gani kang iba Nagakuon†¦ Baw! Kabuki gid ah! San Jaoquin, Miag-ao, Guimbal, Tigbauan Sipak sa Igbaras, Leon kag Tubungan Deretso sa san Miguel kag Alimodian Ilabi sa Antique kun imo adtunan Karay-a imukrat ang imo mga mata Panghambal mo indi pag-ikahuya Magpakamalig-on, ipakita kananda Ang pat-ud nga mga ebidensya; Tama gid karayu ang â€Å"ayam† sa â€Å"ido† Pero kun may alog kanimo magpatudlo â€Å"Mangangaso†, ano ang tawag sa inyo? Indi pwede â€Å"mangin gido†, kag pat-ud â€Å"mangangayam† isabat mo Amon â€Å"busong†, tawag ninyo â€Å"tiyan†Sa bayi, kang bata pagasudlan â€Å"Nagabusong† ang tinaga dyan Indi man pwede tawgun â€Å"nagatiyan' Lakat ka â€Å"tiil† panaw kaw â€Å"kahig† sa pagtugpo kang manok ikaw magbulig Indi kaw gid pwede â€Å"magpatiil† Hay sa bulangan ang tawag â€Å"pakahig† Sa imo pag-uli ikaw gutom run Ang â€Å"pagluto† ukon â€Å"pagraha† himuon Kag sa diin ikaw magaprito kang isda Sa â€Å"kaluto† ukon sa â€Å"karaha†? Gani Sta. Barbara, Maasin, Mina Kag sa Antique nga probinsiya Aton hambal ginasunod-sunod nanda Magtindog kag ipabugal ta†¦. Kita mga†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ KARAY-A!!!!!! Ang Ginawali sa Atlantic City (Ma. Milagros Geremia-Lachica) New Jersey, USA Pinasahi ang bagting ka mga simbahan elihiyon ka swerte ang ginawali kang mga kaparian kang kapalaran sa Caesars, Trump Marina, Sands, Taj Mahal uko Borgata daragkul nga mga katedral nagairigpat, nagapanghagad sa mga tumuluo sa paghalad pagnobena kag pafsimba sa altar ka mga slot machines kag baraha; Sa dya'ng mga simmbahan ang mga misa wara't katapusan adlaw-adlaw sanda bukas sa byente kwatro oras kag handa gid sa pagbaton mga pangamuyo kag pag-ampo halin sa mga bulsa nga daw indi matungkad ang kadalum ugaring sa urihi, amat-amat man nga naganabaw Parehas kang pagkanabaw kang dya'ng relihiyon nga napasad, bukut sa bato kundi sa pagsipal sa swerte nga ginadamgo.

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Evidence Law - Essay Example In such cases, it is deemed that the confessions ceases to be reliable, and, as a result, may not tenable in a Court of Law. In such cases, what needs to be assessed is not what transported after the confessions was obtained, but what anteceded the confession, or in other words, the role of actions that led to the signing of the confessions by the defendants. "To justify the arrest, there had to be evidence that would lead a reasonable person to suspect that the arrestee had committed the offence." (What is a citizen's arrests 2007). In the interpretation of Section 76 (2) of the Act, it has been determined that where the prosecution wished to admit evidence in substantiation of their arguments, to establish complicity of the accused, the Courts, may disallow the said evidence to be used, if it has reasons to believe that this has been given under 'oppression' of the person, or by the occurrences of certain events or circumstances, which has rendered the evidence as unreliable. In such cases, it is for the prosecution to evidence that the evidences, true or otherwise was not obtained through "oppression' or other undesirable methods. (Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Ch 60). 2007). It is further seen under Section 78, that the law also covers exclusion of 'unfair evidence' which states, that the Courts have discretionary powers to disallow evidence brought in by the prosecution as a basis of their argument, which, in the opinion of the Court, could have an "adverse effect" on the principles of fair trial for the accused. How However, this section needs to consider taking cognizance of the inclusion of evidence when rule of law specifically provides that it should be obeyed by the Court. (Statutes: Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Ch 60): Part VIII - Evidence in Criminal proceeding: General Confession: In this case it is seen that proceedings were initiated against Mr. Harry Collingwood and Mr. Fred Vaughan after alleged possession of items that could because blasts were recovered from search of their premises. Although they maintained their innocence, they were denied services of lawyers, and were subjected to physical and mental degradation. A solicitor or appropriate adult must be permitted to consult a detainee's custody records as soon as practicable after their arrival at the station and at any other time which the person is detained. (Police and criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). 2007). After this, they were forced to sign confessional statements accepting their complicity in the bomb blasts in Central London station. The evidences that could be used against Harry and Fred are: 1. the presence of incriminatory evidences in their premises 2. Their confessional statements forcibly made by Detective Inspector Lewis. There are various statutes which deal with the matter of explosive substances found in the possessions of residents of UK. Under the Explosive Substances Act 1883, if any explosive substances are found in the possession of a person, unless he can prove that its use was for 'lawful purposes' he could be sentenced to penal servitude for not less than 14 years, or imprisonment for 2 years. (Explosive Substances Act: 1883. 2007). In this case, if the substances were genuinely in the possession

Discuss the role of the motor cortex in movement. 1500 Words Essay

Discuss the role of the motor cortex in movement. 1500 Words - Essay Example The motor cortex plans voluntary actions – it helps in initiating, planning, controlling and maintaining voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, coordinates sequences of movements and relay commands to the appropriate sets of lower motor neurons to execute the desired actions. Diseases or traumas on this part of the brain have adverse effects on the patient. Presently, such diseases include Apraxia, which causes an inability to initiate purposeful learned movement in response to external commands despite the ability and desire to perform the movement, and Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease – characterized by loss of the ability to initiate movement or stop it once initiated plus the occurrence of uncontrollable movement. Modern man, Homo sapiens, has an average cranial capacity of 1350cc far more than all his other earlier ancestors. This increased cranial capacity is credited for his higher intellectual ability over other animals and primates. The brain serves many functions in the body, from thought to emotions, waking and sleeping, respiration, memory, controlling actions just to mention but a few and can thus be considered as the central control for the whole body. Like all other living things, man also moves around in search for food, flight from danger or for pleasure. Movement is a function of muscular flexion and extension all which are under the control of the brain – except for reflexive movements, which are controlled by the spinal cord and mainly help maintain posture and balance without involving the conscious mind. The brain is divided into six main parts; the cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and the brain stem – mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata, each of which has its different functions (Marieb, 2000). The cerebellum contains a region known as the motor cortex in the precentral gyrus that helps in initiating, planning and controlling voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. The motor cortex is further

Iranian Hostage Crisis Essay Example for Free

Iranian Hostage Crisis Essay We chose our topic because we found it very interesting, how the CIA decided to rescue the six hostages, by making a fake movie and going into Iran, saying that they were scouting for locations for a movie when they actually went to the Canadian embassy where six people were hiding. Tony Mendez thought of this magnificent idea. The CIA gave the six roles to be in the fake movie, for example Director, Photographer, Costume Designer, Location Scouter etc. Eventually they got them to the airport to take the six hostages home with the iranian people fooled that they were people scouting for a perfect place to record their science fiction movie. The CIA person/ Tony Mendez along with the six hostages made it back to the U. S. safely. Â  How we conducted our research. The way we conducted our research is that to begin with we, read the book, and watched the movie, Argo which gave us a good idea or point of view on what happened during the crisis. Then we began finding primary and secondary sources and started conducting more research. Then we wrote letters to president carter and Tony Mendez, we are currently still waiting for a response. Then we began our script by which we already started working on our bibliography and process paper. We are currently searching for photos and continuing on the script for the documentary, we are also creating annotations for our bibliography on easybib. com.How we selected our presentation category and how we created our project. The reason we chose to pick our category is because we thought it suited our topic better than any other category. We thought this because this way we are able to explain what happened while the person watching the documentary can see photos about the topic, which may help them understand better because some people tend to learn easier visually than just reading or hearing someone explain a topic. The way we created our project is on a site called pixorial. Â  How our project relates to the NHD theme. Our project relates to the NHD theme because it is the responsibility of the CIA and the U. S. to try their hardest to get all the hostages out of Iran safe and sound. Our topic also follows the NHD theme of rights too. It is a part of the theme rights because with the Shah running Iran, Iranians felt like they didn’t have any rights, also the Shah didn’t treat them with respect. The Iranians were mad at the U. S. for not giving the Shah back to them so they could kill him. At that time the Shah was in the United States due to the cancer he was attempting to fight off.

Veristic Roman Portraits

Veristic Roman Portraits Roman works of art, from both Republic and Empire, are deeply influenced by traditions and aesthetic elements of other cultures. Many art historians have interpreted that much of visual arts produced in ancient Rome are derivative of Classical and Hellenistic Greek styles. Other interpretations have shown that Roman art also draws on Etruscan and even Egyptian visual cultures. While such analyses are valid, it should be noted that Roman artists did not merely emulate the styles of earlier cultures, but they synthesized the diverse elements and manipulated them to create a uniquely Roman style. This distinctive and syncretic Roman attitude led to the emergence of verism in Roman Republican portraitures in the beginning of first century B.C.E. Veristic portaitures had striking individualistic features that showed human interiority. They demanded intellectual engagement of the viewers because Roman portraitures were a complex system of conventions that sought to convey a message. This p aper analyzes verism in Roman portraitures and discusses how a set of formal elements are dictated to serve a communicative purpose. Before embarking on our discussion of veristic Roman portraitures, we should first question what the definition of verism is. It is a term that describes hyperrealism that departs from idealizing tendencies. Veristic portraitures were popular during the Republican period, and they served to commemorate civil virtue. Veristic portraits emphasize individualistic and often unattractive features of the subject. They portray mature men, and marks of age were acutely depicted, such as wrinkles, moles, scars and other imperfections. The emphasis on seniority was highly placed because old men who have dedicated their lives to the civic good attained noble positions in public office. It is also because signs of aging skin, such as furrows and creases, were loyal souvenirs of having tolerated the psychological strains of a society at times of chaos and civil war. These were desirable characteristics of a civic ruler because they were associated with wisdom, responsibility, and loyalty to the s tate. Perhaps, the best way to define verism is by contrasting it with idealism, a style that is primarily associated with Hellenistic Greek period. Idealism is the opposite of verism, and it tends to idealize the subject by exaggerating the characteristics as it seeks to relate the subject to a divine figure. Although Romans borrowed the concept of portraiture from Greek Hellenistic art, Roman portraitures per se are visibly different from Greek portaits. In contrast to Roman tradition of depicting men in their later life, Hellenistic tradition leaned toward representing rulers as being youthful. This is primarily because youthful if not god-like images of kings free of any imperfections were the sources of admiration and adoration to the populace. A famous example is the marble portraiture of Alexander the Great (fig. 1). Alexander the Great (reigned 336-323 B.C.E.) wanted to immortalize his power by making a permanent visual image of himself. He commissioned artists, especially Lysippos, to sculpt his portraits out of marble, a medium probably chosen for its durability. The Marble Portrait of Alexander the Great is about 37 cm in height. It was created between 2nd-1st century B.C.E. during the Hellenistic period. It was believed to be found in Alexandria, the capital city of the Hellenistic dynasty. The portrait head has a curly hair that falls on both sides of the face. Its surface is very smooth and the softness of the skin is alm ost tangible. It has a slight hint of eyebrows, and its eyes are directed upwards and are intently gazing at something. It has a relatively sharp nose and its lips are depicted with precision. The curved lines of both the upper and lower lips are acutely portrayed. It has a smooth jaw line that makes an elegant U shape that is offset by a solid neck. Its head is slightly tilted upwards. Overall, the sculptor depicted Alexander the Great as a youthful king without any physical blemishes. Unlike Roman Republican sculptors who were veristic in style and were humble in depicting the subject, the Hellenistic sculptor glorified and idealized the subject in an attempt to liken the subject to a god. Arguably, one of the most noticeable differences between veristic works and works of other styles are their treatment of the subject. Artists from different cultures employed different styles to communicate a distinct set of messages. The portraiture of Vespasian is a good example of a veristic style portraiture that conveyed a political message (fig. 2). It is a marble head of Vespasian, the Roman Emperor who ruled from 69 C.E to 78 C.E., who was also the founder of the Flavian dynasty. It was created between 69-79 C.E. during the Imperial Roman period, and came from Ostia, Italy. The sculptor clearly depicted Vespasian as an old man, with palpable signs of aging. The portrait head has a balding or a receding hairline, with wrinkles on the forehead. The eyebrows are meticulously carved with detail given to each individual strand of hair. The eyes have soft almond shapes with crows feet in the ends. There are marks of sagging under the eyes, and wrinkles are all over the face. The ti p of the nose is round and big, and its lips are very thin and are tightly closed. Further individualistic features are accurately recorded, such as Vespasians slightly protruding chin. Like the Hellenistic portrait head of Alexander the Great, this marble head also has a solid neck, although it is marked with deep wrinkles. Vespasian is represented as a man in his later life with unflattering marks that are clearly depicted rather than being fixed up and perfected. This is because Romans valued individualism over idealism, and departure from idealisitic qualities meant absence of pretense and deception. Vespasians veristic portrait is full of conventions that celebrate the humble, wise, and responsible characteristics of a well-qualified ruler. Borrowing the words from Nodelman, this veristic portrait is a system of signs that is carefully condensed into the image of a human face. Conceptually, Vespasians marble portrait head can be seen as a mosaic, in which desirable physical fea tures are juxtaposed and carefully fitted together to create an image of a noble ruler. The Primaporta Augustus departs from the veristic style, and falls back on the Hellenistic style of idealizing and perfecting tendencies. It is a 6 feet 8 inch tall marble statue depicting Augustus Caesar, the first emperor of the Roman Empire (fig. 3). It was created during early 1st century C.E., and it was found in the Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, Italy. Augustus (reigned 25 B.C.E. to 17 C.E.) deliberately avoided the veristic style that Republic so adored and celebrated, because the humble and honest manner of veristic portraiture would not effectively communicate the youthful energy of Augustus to the audience. Augustus did not want to be seen as a weak, aging man or as a ruthless dictator, but rather as a young and energetic emperor who is about to bring change to the Roman Empire at the time of unstability. The statue has a short, curly hair and its face is void of any marks; its skin is smooth and radiant. Its right arm is raised, which is a gesture of address. This gesture depicts Augustus as a powerful public figure who has the charisma to lead the public. The statue is wearing a battle dress that presents Augustus not only as a civic ruler but also as a military commander. It is standing in contapposto pose, in which the weight of the body is shifted to one foot while the relaxed other rests. The particular stance, short hair, and smooth face strongly evoke Polykleitos Doryphoros (fig. 4). Doryphoros is rendered in Classical Greek style and Augustus intentionally chose to echo the Classical style in a calculated attempt to portray himself as the conqueror. On the bottom of Augustus right leg is Cupid riding on a dolphin. The presence of Cupid, the son of Venus, is important because it serves both a functional and symbolic role. It functions to provide support to Augustus right leg, but also serves as a visual reminder of Augustus divine lineage. Lastly, Augustus is shown barefoot. This was done to link Augustus to a god. Ultimately, these various elements come into play to shape Primaporta Augustus as an effective political propaganda to send a message that Augustus rise to power will bring stability to the Empire at the time of civil war and chaos. The desire of both the commissioners and the sculptors to condense various meanings into a portrait is clearly reflected by the distinct styles and manners in which the subject is treated. Roman sculptors, as well as artists of other cultures, clearly had a range of styles to choose from, and they artfully, effectively and quite beautifully utilized the chosen styles to convey certain messages to the viewers. Through such efforts, portraits become a complex system of signs and symbols that form a language in which the history of a whole society can be read. A Hellenistic style with an idealizing tendency was chosen to glorify the subject and to demand imperial and divine exaltation from the populace. On the other hand, a Roman veristic style with emphasis on physical imperfections and marks of aging was chosen to denote a conscious departure from illusions and vanity. It was chosen either to gain public votes to win a noble position in a society or to reflect noble virtues of an empe ror, such as responsibility, wisdom, faithfulness, and selfless devotion. Ultimately, veristic Roman portraits were visual and symbolic expressions of the subjects interiority. Various conventions were orchestrated by motives to put across political messages. The portraits were not merely well crafted works of art to be passively enjoyed, but were montages of meanings to be actively interpreted. Both intellectual and psychological engagement of viewers were demanded to understand the messages that Roman artists so passionately celebrated.

Essay --

Extraction of iron to steel The Earth is mined to obtain the rocks that containing iron ore. Then the iron ore was transferred to factory to be extracted. In order to get the iron, we have to extract them from the iron ore. Heamatite (Fe2O3) and Magnetite (Fe3O4) are two common iron ores that usually used. In this assignment, we will use the equation of heamatite. Figure shows a Blast furnace Taken form : http://www.chimicamo.org/chimica-generale/ferro-produzione.html The iron ore, limestone and coke are burn together inside the furnace. The hot air that goes inside the furnace from the bottom is heated up by the heat that escape from the top. This process is to ensure that heat are not wasted because heat is a essential in this process. The coke, (fuel with few impurities and highly carbon content, usually made of coal –Wikipedia) which burns in the blast of hot air gives out carbon dioxide under an extreme exothermic reaction, is the main source of heat in the process. ( C + O2 = CO2) At bottom where high temperature is, carbon will react with carbon dioxide to form carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is the main source of reducing agent. ( C + CO2 = 2CO) The carbon monoxide will react with iron ore, haematite to form iron and carbon monoxide. ( Fe2O3 + 3CO = Fe2 + 3CO2) In hotter part of the furnace, carbon itself can be a reducing agent but the product is carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide. (Fe2O3 + 3C = Fe2 + 3CO) The iron that results from the process is molten due to the high temperature at the bottom of the furnace. They will tapped off from the furnace at the bottom. Iron ore does contain impurities. The limestone that are added together with iron ore and coke is used to eliminate the impurities because they... ...gulation should be done regularly by the officers. Any factory that does not follow the regulation should be given a notice to shut down its operation within 24 hours until the solution to the pollution problem have been taken. The factory should be sued due to their mistake. This will educate other factory to take care the environment. By doing so, we could minimize the water pollution and save aquatic life. Clean water source also will be guaranteed safe if there is not pollution. Those are three action that the government should take in order to prevent more pollution caused by the iron industry. There are more suggestion that government can take, but it does not change anything if government itself does not take any action. Our government should take action now so that future generation does not blame us due to the pollution that they may encounter in future.

The American Dream in Franklin’s Autobiography and Hawthorne’s My Kinsman, Major Molineux :: My Kinsman, Major Molineux

Benjamin Franklin and Nathaniel Hawthorne were both very important to America’s early literature. Franklin’s â€Å"Autobiography† and Hawthorne’s â€Å"My Kinsman, Major Molineux† represents the extremes of leaving home. Franklin makes accomplishing the American dream of the self-made man look easy. Hawthorne, however, revises and critiques that dream, showing the harsh realities of the real world. Franklin reveals his life story as a way to show the people of America that determination, hard work, and intelligence lead to success, while Hawthorne describes the harsh world waiting once youth and innocence are gone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benjamin Franklin and Robin, Hawthorne’s main character, leave home for different reasons. Franklin, in his autobiography, explains how he journeys to Philadelphia in search of a job and to start life on his own. Franklin wants independence and he knows he will find what he seeks. Franklin states, â€Å"I took it upon me to assert my Freedom† (194). Robin leaves his home with the idea of depending on his second cousin, dependence not independence. Robin journeys from his family’s country farm to the city in search of his kinsman, Major Molineux, with hopes that his kinsman will help him get started in life. Hawthorne writes, â€Å"The Major†¦ had thrown out hints respecting the future establishment of one of them in life. It was therefore determined that Robin should profit by his kinsman’s generous intentions† (801). Franklin and Robin’s arrival to the new towns embody the two author’s feelings toward the idea of the self made man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franklin and Robin arrival to their new destinations are drastically different. Franklin arrives in Philadelphia during the day, hungry, and dirty. Franklin’s determination keeps him going. He buys bread to eat, cleans himself up, and sets out straight away to find himself a job. He finds one within short time, â€Å"I return’d to Bradford’s who gave me a little job to do for the present, and there I lodged and dieted† (198). Franklin represents his arrival in Philadelphia as brightly and easy as it could possibly be, the people are nice, it is beautiful day, and he finds exactly what he wants, when he wants it. Hawthorne sees Franklin’s story as an abomination of the real world. Hawthorne stages Robin’s arrival to town at night, symbolizing the darkness of the harsh world. Robin also encounters nothing but paltry inhabitants of the town as he searches for his kinsman. Robin feels no joy as he journeys through the town, an d he even experiences fear at all of the strange things that he encounters.

tragoed Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex) as Greek Tragedy :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus The King as Greek Tragedy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The genre of drama is wide and contains works of varied forms and subjects. The first drama, on which all later works are based, developed in Greece and dealt with religious and social issues. According to AristotleÕs The Poetics, a Greek Tragedy must deal with a serious purpose, arousing a sense of pity or fear in the audience. The emphasis must be on plot over character development and the playwright must utilize suspense and unity of time, place and action. Aristotle writes that a tragic hero is a character who is renowned and prosperous, not necessarily perfect, but not an evil person either. The tragic hero must meet with a reversal of fortune brought about by either folly or fate. Based on these criteria, Oedipus the King by Sophocles is considered the prototypical Greek Tragedy. Oedipus, the playÕs main character, is also considered the model of a Greek tragic hero. Oedipus the King deals with several serious purposes, the greatest of which being the agnosticism Sophocles perceived in his community. Through Iokaste who ÒÉwould not waste a second thoughtÉÓ on oracles, Sophocles shows his audience the perils of disbelief in the gods, since each prophecy made by oracles in the play ended up coming true (l. 813). Sophocles uses his play to perform serious religious functions as well as to entertain theatre-goers. The fulfillment of the predictions made by the oracles led to the downfall of Oedipus, which created a catharsis in the audience, brought by arousing feelings of pity and fear for the fallen king. The Choragos gives the lesson, ÒÉlet none presume on his good fortune until he find life, at his death, a memory without painÓ (l. 1473-5). This scene allows the audience to leave the theater feeling purged of their pity and fear. The plot is the most important component of Oedipus the King, as it is of every Greek Tragedy. Development of characters is secondary, and the audience rarely Ôgets insideÕ any of the characters. Only characters crucial to the plot are introduced; there is no extraneous action on stage. This development of plot is a challenge. A tragedian must present a story with which the audience is already familiar and still make it interesting