Biography of Actress Marilyn Monroe

Known for:  celebrity and actress, sex symbol, blonde bombshell Dates:  June 1, 1926 -  August 5, 1962Occupation:  movie actressAlso known as:  Norma Jeane Baker, Norma Jean Baker, Norma Jean Mortenson, Norma Jean MortensenReligion:  Convert to Judaism Early Life Marilyn Monroe, whose name was Norma Jean Baker in childhood, was born to Gladys Mortenson, a film technician, whose husband, Edward Mortenson, deserted the family. Norma Jeans natural father may have actually been another studio employee, C. Stanley Gifford. Gladys mental illness surfaced shortly after her daughters birth, and she was institutionalized much of Norma Jeans growing years. Norma Jean was placed in a series of twelve foster homes, and once in an orphanage. She attended Van Nuys High School in Los Angeles, California. At sixteen, Norma Jean escaped the foster system by marrying 20-year-old James Dougherty. A year later, in 1943, he joined the U.S. Merchant Marine. Norma Jean took a job in an airline plant, part of the World War II factory effort, and worked first as a parachute inspector, then as a paint sprayer. When the government came through to take promotional photographs of the women working in the plant, the brunette Norma Jean learned that she photographed well, took a modeling course, and began working part-time as a photographers model. Success as a photographers model led her to her dream of becoming an actress. In 1946, she divorced Dougherty and bleached her hair to become a blond. She signed a one-year, $125/month contract with Twentieth Century-Fox on August 26, 1946. Ben Lyon, casting director, suggested that she take the name Marilyn, and she added her grandmothers last name, Monroe. Marilyn Monroe as an Actress Marilyn Monroe played one bit part that year, all of which ended up on the cutting room floor. The next year, she signed another one-year contract, this time with Columbia. The results werent any better. In 1950, Marilyn Monroe posed for full-length nude shots, which the photographer Tom Kelley sold for a calendar. That same year, she appeared in a bit part in The Asphalt Jungle, and though her name wasnt even mentioned in the credits, her appearance generated a huge amount of fan mail. Her reputation as a blond bombshell had begun to be established. So Twentieth Century-Fox signed Marilyn Monroe to a new contract — this time, for seven years. She appeared in All About Eve. In 1953, she had her first starring role, in Niagara. In Gentlemen Prefer Blondes she sang and, for the first time, she had her own dressing room. In January 1954, Marilyn Monroe married the famous baseball player, Joe DiMaggio. The marriage was short-lived; they divorced in October. Seven Year Itch For the 1955 movie The Seven Year Itch, Marilyn Monroe appeared in the famous photographic stunt, in a white halter dress, with her skirt blown up by a draft from a sidewalk grate, leaning down to catch her dress so that her cleavage showed. The photograph was used to advertise the film and has become one of the iconic images of Marilyn Monroe. After filming The Seven Year Itch, in which she plays a prototypical dumb blond, Marilyn Monroe decided to work more seriously on her acting skills, to the skepticism of many critics. She broke her movie contract and moved to New York to study at the Actors Studio with Lee Strasberg for a year. Success ... and Problems In 1955, she founded her own company with Milton Greene, Marilyn Monroe Productions, and signed a new contract with Twentieth Century-Fox. She made the 1956 movie Bus Stop, which wowed the critics, but shed begun to lose herself to self-doubt, depression, drugs, and alcohol. Marilyn Monroe, whose mother and maternal grandparents had all struggled with mental illness and institutionalization, began taking sleeping pills for her insomnia. She regularly consulted psychiatrists. She drank heavily, and began a habit of arriving late to work, and sometimes not being able to work at all. Marriage to Arthur Miller She married Arthur Miller, the playwright, shortly after Bus Stop was released, and for the marriage converted to Judaism. She lived quietly for two years with her new husband. During that time, Miller was fighting his conviction for contempt-of-Congress for refusing to answer two questions before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). The marriage, and several miscarriages added to her self-doubt and depression, and to her use of drugs and alcohol. Marilyn Monroes next movie, The Prince and the Showgirl, brought mixed reviews. That was followed by Lets Make Love and an unhappy romantic liaison with co-star Yves Montand. The Misfits was written for Marilyn Monroe by her husband, Arthur Miller. She performed well in the final product, though, during its filming, she was often under the influence of alcohol and pills, and she was notoriously late to the set. Marilyn was affected by the death, two months after the film was completed, of her co-star, Clark Gable. In early 1961, Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller divorced. During this period, she was also bothered by many rumors of affairs, including with the President, John F. Kennedy, and his brother, Robert F. Kennedy. Last Months Filming her next project, ironically titled Somethings Got to Give, Marilyns lateness and addictions led to her dismissal after a month. She was briefly committed to a mental hospital. She was approved to return to the film, but never resumed filming. Two months later, in her home in Los Angeles, Marilyn Monroe was found by her housekeeper, dead, with an empty bottle of sleeping pills next to her body. The coroner found the death was caused by an overdose of barbiturates and pronounced it a possible suicide. No evidence of foul play was presented to the coroner. Marilyn Monroes funeral was planned by Joe DiMaggio; Lee Strasberg delivered the eulogy. Marilyn Monroes Parents Mother: Gladys Monroe Baker (also called Gladys Pearl Baker or Gladys Monroe Mortenson)Father: Edward Mortenson or C. Stanley Gifford Marilyn Monroes  Husbands James Dougherty (married June 19, 1942; divorced September 13, 1946)Joe DiMaggio (married January 14, 1954; divorced October 27, 1954)Arthur Miller (married June 29, 1956; divorced January 24, 1961) Education Van Nuys High School3-month modeling coursedramatic coach, Natasha LylessActors Lab, Los AngelesActors Studio, New York

How The Heart Rate Is Affected By Meditation And Calming...

What affect does listening to 5 minutes of soft calming music do to my heart rate? Hypothesis If I listen to soft calming music for 5 minutes, then my heart rate will slow 4 bpm. Introduction Heart rate is the most important part of an individual’s health. In this lab I am experimenting with different reactions of the heart. I am specifically looking at how the heart rate of an individual is affected by meditation and calming music. The purpose of this research is to determine if an individual with a higher heart rate, possible due to stress, could possibly lower their heart rate. Heart rate is very important and can be a major factor in other diseases or health issues. This research is important for understanding the heart and how it functions. Many people suffer from panic attacks and stress; both of these problems cause higher heart rate. With this research we can possibly determine ways to treat and help people who suffer from panic attacks and stress. It is also important to learn my about the muscle itself and how it functions, what affects it, and how we can lower someone’s heart rate. The heart is a very important organ that needs to be taken care o f, this research could show us one way to take care of our hearts. Research and Current Ideas So what do we already know about heart rate. www.spot.colorado.edu did a similar test to mine and came up with similar results, according to them â€Å"Our results indicated no significant differences in heart rate or bloodShow MoreRelatedMeditation : Meditation And Meditation3069 Words   |  13 PagesMindfulness meditation can be very well described as the discipline which has the best of both areas, yoga and meditation. Adopting theses practices in your routine life can not only help you in attaining peace of mind and soul; you can also feel a positive energy surging inside you. They also lead you to a state of self realization, where your mind is away from the anxieties of the past and the anticipations about the future. And when you experience such perfection and balance of the mind and bodyRead MoreDieting Makes People Fat Essay19490 Words   |  78 Pages1/2 cups of low-fat milk 1 banana 1 tsp of flax seed powder (optional) 1 Tbsp of honey 4 ice cubes Preparation: Put all ingredients into a blender. Blend for about 20-30 seconds or until mixture is smooth. Serve immediately. Kullasatree 010 3EN HOW OLD WERE YOU THE FIRST TIME YOU USED A COMPUTER? First time I used the computer when I was 10 years old. My mother had to buy it for work and as a gift for me and my brother. Even though I cant use a computer at all, but I try to use until I can openRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 PagesContents and Tables Structure of the Report 1 Consumer Trends 1 Increased Demand for Health and Wellness Products in the Middle East 2 Popularity of Online Shopping Grows Amongst UAE Consumers 3 Generation of Newly Thrifty UAE Consumers 3 Rental Rates Plummet Across the Uae, Adding To Consumer Disposable Income 4 Environmentally Friendly Consumers on the Rise in UAE 5 Consumer Segmentation 6 Babies and Infants 6 Kids 7 Tweenagers 7 Teens 8 Twenty-somethings 10 Thirty-somethings 10 Middle-agedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRating Scale 166 Comparison Data 166 Source of Personal Stress 166 3 SOLVING PROBLEMS ANALYTICALLY AND CREATIVELY 167 SKILL ASSESSMENT 168 Diagnostic Surveys for Creative Problem Solving 168 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 168 How Creative Are You ? 169 Innovative Attitude Scale 171 Creative Style Assessment 172 SKILL LEARNING 174 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 174 Steps in Analytical Problem Solving 174 Defining the Problem 174 Generating Alternatives 176 Evaluating

Management of Technology and Innovation Departing Level

Question: Discuss about the Management of Technology and Innovation for Departing Level. Answer: Introduction The current report focuses on the implementation of the innovation in business enhancement. It is evident that innovation is required to develop the business and lead towards the desired direction. In this context, Davenport (2013) commented innovation is usually understood as the introduction and implementation of the new things. Innovation can be divided into two different sectors that includes in the technical knowledge and transfer of knowledge. Another sector is administrative technique for technology management. Innovation is regarded as the fuel to organizational development to gain the future success. Innovation is considered as the technique as well as outcome of creating something that is new. It is observed that innovation process could involve the entire process from the opportunity identification, invention to development. As added by Chesbrough (2013), emphasis that innovation does not revolve around the luck; appropriate methodologies are needed to assure the consistency, predictability as well as sustainability.The aim of this report is understand the importance of innovation in business and how innovation can be applied to an organization to gain future success. The report also focuses on the importance of innovation and the process of innovation. This helps to learn how an organization access two kinds of knowledge, which is technical as well as the administrative to develop the system develop of innovation. Discussion and Analysis The term invention and innovation are sometimes used interchangeably, although the concept is distinguished. An innovation is an idea, whichhas largely been adopted into the practical reality. For example, for a business, innovation comes in the form of a product, process, business concept, or the combinations that have been applied in the market placed as well as to produce new profits and growth for organization. Definition and concept of innovation Innovation is considered as the technique that helps to bring new ideas, new technique or new product to an organization. Some authors or the scholars have limited innovation to look for a big idea to enhance an organizations competitive position.As mentioned by Boons and Ldeke-Freund (2013), innovation is consisting of invention and exploitation. This refers to a new way of implementing things, which are commercialized. In addition, it has also been identified that the technique of innovation cannot be differentiated from organizations strategic as well as the competitive context. Importance of innovation If an organization cannot compete on price, it has to differentiated, and to differentiate, the organization has to focus on the innovation. For example, it can be mentioned that western business could no longer assure to compete in a global environment on price alone. The expense of doing the business, particularly in the manufacturing industry are far larger than the organizations in Eastern Europe (Baden-Fuller and Haefliger2013). Another example state that regarding the economics of scale, which for years was a differentiating factor for many business organizations. In such context, the nations such as Brazil, Russia, India and China widely acquire internal markets than UK. Hence, the organizations apply the principles of innovations. The innovation process There have been certain steps or the phases involved in getting the most from the innovation in business. The first step comes with generating the ideas. In this context, Frankenberger et al. (2013) added that the foundation to relevant innovative technique is the number as well as the quality of ideas it generates. This may require the organization to consider both internal as well as the external sources of the ideas. As mentioned by Boons, Montalvo Quist and Wagner (2013), one of the potentially significant channels for new ideas could come from those working or involved in the business; thereby, the organization needs to make every effort to increase their input into identifying new as well as effective way of doing activities. Nevertheless, this could be an obvious consideration. There have been many businesses use the level of soliciting concept from the employees in the wrong way and as the consequence, the organization observes little long-term profits in the generated ideas. On the contrary, many organizations are observed to be using the suggestion box approach to collect ideas from employees. However, Baden-Fuller and Haefliger (2013) mentioned that this is certainly a common technique; it may not work effectively. Conversely, Christensen, Anthony and Roth (2013) added that the manager or the HOD need to meet the employees at least once in a month to discuss the matters related to work. This already happens in a business as it certainly brings profits. Figure 1: Steps involved in the innovation process (Source: Davenport 2013) The next step of innovation is to evaluate the ideas. If one could generate the ideas, the person could maximise the number of ideas identified in the first step. However, the evaluation of ideas should take place through a number of stages. Department Level: Small business ideas can be implemented shortly within the department. On the contrary, the bigger ideas, which require input as well as decision from the large management and the ideas, which are not effective for implementation. The next step of innovation process is the implementation of the ideas. As discussed above, the small ideas are generated at the departmental level, once approved should be implemented as the subject of course without much concern. Thus, for the large ideas, which need the approval of the senior management; the manner in how those ideas required to be applied could only be decided on the cases since the route to application could generally depend on the ideas involved. Nevertheless, it can be mentioned that when a big idea is approved that influences the business whole, it could usually be relevant to build a cross-functional application team to lead the process effectively. Thereafter, the step of innovation process comes in the form of impact of the ideas. As mentioned by Chesbrough (2013), when a particular idea or the concept is approved for the execution, attention should be provided to how it influences will be measured in the coming ideas. Thus, the advantage of the ideas implemented could be measured over time. Figure 2: Impact of the ideas in the innovation process (Source:Boons and Ldeke-Freund 2013) Recognition of the ideas- In respect to planning a new or reconstructing the existing approach to innovation in the business, the issue of recognition is very significant. On the contrary, while generating new ideas, the manager or the HOD must have to acknowledge each idea, as the executed suggestion makes a large contribution to the business performance. Integrated innovation framework Integrated business innovation is nothing but a systematic process of implementing innovation planning, performance of the employees, providing a suitable platform to the employees and finally maintaining appropriate business process within the organization. In order to run an organization successfully the employees have to play a major role. Implementing innovative planning: Implementing innovative planning within a business organization include implementation of unique business strategy and policy, use of advanced technology such as surveillance camera or video, utilizing global positioning system for keeping a constant track within the process of business (Marjanovic, Fry and Chataway 2012). With the changing progress of civilization, the needs and demands of the customers are changing gradually. Therefore, this kind of innovative business planning and strategies help the organization to maintain a market demand. Performance of the employees: The success of a business organization is highly dependent on the service provided by the employees. Business managers of a particular organization should make an effective communication with the employees in order to know their problem regarding meting the business goal (Chesbrough 2013). A strong communication in between the employees and the managers renders the success of business. Providing suitable platform to the employees: Employees need to get a suitable platform in order to provide their innovative endeavour towards the business goal (Georghiou et al. 2014). The business managers should implement a friendly environment within the workplace so that employees do not hesitate to perform well. The employees should maintain a strong communication with the managers so that they can make a collective decision regarding the business goal. Therefore, while making an integrated innovation framework, business organizations have to be concerned about these factors for building the image and reputation of an organization (Mason and Brown 2013). The business organizations should implement those strategies and policies with the business process that have never been used before. Figure 3: Integrated Innovation Business Framework (Source: Franks and Vanclay 2013) Models and theories of innovation Distributive innovation is the innovative theory that primarily focuses to create a new market value as well as value networking by eliminating the existing business strategies and policies. As per the concept of this particular theory, the needs and desires of the customers are gradually changing. Therefore, the business organizations love to implement unique strategies and policies for drawing the attention of the customers. For an example, B2M Solution initially stared their journey by following low cost strategy for creating a marketing demand. The services providers liked to deliver the products to the customers in low cost without hampering the product quality (Boons et al. 2013). As a result, the organization had t face challenge in order to maintain a balance in supply and demand of the products at a time. In order to overcome this kind of temporary crisis, the product managers have decided to implement brand value strategy with the process of business. B2M Solution decided to focus on developing android software only. As a result, the target customers have been segregated after reforming the business strategy and policy. The organization was able to maintain a balance in between supply and demand of the products. Automatically, this policy created a market value at the particular time. Research Limitation This particular study has primarily focused to deal with the impact of implementing innovation plan for the success of a business organization. While discussing the impact of innovation planning, the study has primarily focused to deal with the positive impacts of innovation plans and policies within the process of business (Hargroves and Smith 2013). Therefore, innovative plan is not devoid of some of its negative impacts as well. If the customers do not get satisfied with the innovation planning and policies of a particular business organization, the entire rhythmic flow of business is destroyed. Therefore, the study could make detailed discussion on the negative impacts of implementing business innovation plan (Katz 2012). In addition, some of the important aspects of business innovation plans and policies have not been discussed in detail in this particular study. Recommendation Business innovation strategy and policy is one of the major parts of management based on which the organization creates a special attention in the mind of target customers. Innovation policy comes as a major threat for the competitors as well. Therefore, before implementing an effective business innovation plan, it can be recommended that the managers should make a risk analysis. With the help of risk analysis, the organization makes an alternative plan always so that the strategy can be replaced at once after receiving a negative feedback from the customers. At the same time, the marketing executives can be suggested for making an effective market survey in order to know the competitors market strategy and policy. After collecting the necessary feedback from the market, the management should implement relevant innovative plan and strategy with the entire process of business. Conclusion The entire study has provided an in-depth analysis regarding the impact of innovative plans and tactics for the enhancement of business process and policies. The overarching term business innovation implies implementing unique strategies and policies within the process of business that have never been used before. While dealing with this particular topic, this study has focused to deal with the positive impacts of innovation policies for rendering the success of a business. A detailed analysis of integrated innovation framework has been conducted in this particular study. In addition, some of the major recommendations have also been provided at the end of the study for improving business innovation plans and policies. Reference List: Baden-Fuller, C. and Haefliger, S., 2013. Business models and technological innovation. Long range planning, 46(6), pp.419-426. Boons, F. and Ldeke-Freund, F., 2013. Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 45, pp.9-19. Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J. and Wagner, M., 2013. Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.1-8. Chesbrough, H., 2013. Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. Christensen, C., Anthony, S. and Roth, E.A., 2013. Seeing what's next: Using the theories of innovation to predict industry change. Harvard Business Press. Davenport, T.H., 2013. Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Frankenberger, K., Weiblen, T., Csik, M. and Gassmann, O., 2013. The 4I-framework of business model innovation: A structured view on process phases and challenges. International Journal of Product Development, 18(3-4), pp.249-273. Franks, D.M. and Vanclay, F., 2013. Social Impact Management Plans: Innovation in corporate and public policy.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,43, pp.40-48. Georghiou, L., Edler, J., Uyarra, E. and Yeow, J., 2014. Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation: Choice, design and assessment.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,86, pp.1-12. Hargroves, K. and Smith, M.H., 2013.The natural advantage of nations: business opportunities, innovation and governance in the 21st century. Earthscan. Iles, A. and Martin, A.N., 2013. Expanding bioplastics production: sustainable business innovation in the chemical industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.38-49. Katz, R., 2012. The impact of broadband on the economy: Research to date and policy issues.Broadband Series. Lee, S.M., Hwang, T. and Choi, D., 2012. Open innovation in the public sector of leading countries.Management Decision,50(1), pp.147-162. Marjanovic, S., Fry, C. and Chataway, J., 2012. Crowdsourcing based business models: In search of evidence for innovation 2.0.Science and public policy, p.scs009. Mason, C. and Brown, R., 2013. Creating good public policy to support high-growth firms.Small Business Economics,40(2), pp.211-225. Meissner, D., Gokhberg, L. and Sokolov, A. eds., 2013.Science, technology and innovation policy for the future: potentials and limits of foresight studies. Springer Science Business Media.

Comparative Business Ethics & Social Responsibility Free Sample

Questions: 1.What environmental issues does the New Belgium Brewing Company work to address? How has NBB taken a strategic approach to addressing these issues? Why do you think the company has taken such a strong stance towards sustainability? 2.Do you agree that New Belgiums focus on social responsibility provides a key competitive advantage for the company? Why or why not? 3.Some segments of society contend that companies that sell alcoholic beverages and tobacco products. Do you believe that New Belgiums action and initiatives are indicative of a socially responsible corporation? Why or why not? Answers: Introduction Environmental sustainability and impacting community have been slogans for many businesses in recent years(Arcenas 2009). Due to rising awareness regarding the effects of organizations that they create, governmental as well as non-governmental agencies have attached immense importance to diagnosing the areas to study impacts of organizations. The current case analysis of New Belgium Brewing Company is an ideal case example of an organization that is creating significant positive impact on the environment as well as the community. Though the impacts of alcohol company has been criticized by many, but it has been continuously trying to benefit the society from its various actions. NBB has taken several steps in preservation of electricity, reducing pollution by providing bicycles to employees, recycling wastes for packaging and treating waste water, the company also gives out significant amount of its unutilized barley to local farmers and fish-feeds to local fishermen(Brannan 2012). T he company endlessly is devising ways, means and methods to create a sustainable impact which will enable it to establish as an unique brand in the brewery industry. The employees of the company have total ownership over the company and the company provides them several benefits for performing well. Thus, the company has attended to every possible ways in creating sustainability by means of environment, employees, society and community. The company has always kept its advertisement campaigns aimed at middle income customers. Though creating sustenance for the environment and the society helps create an unique brand but the philosophy is embedded deep within the company culture(Bujdos 2012). Figure 1 : New Belgium Brewing Source : (Pullman 2009) 1. New Belgium Brewing Company manufactures beer in a sustainable way by minimizing its impact on the environment. The company since its inception aims to adopt sustainable strategy in production by complying with the triple bottom line effect. The triple bottom line effect aims to generate a positive impact on the people, profit and planet. The concept is adopted in the company by its promoters vision which is to develop the triple bottom line in the corporate culture(Arnaud 2010). The company has grown strong affinity towards producing its product in an environmentally friendly manner. The New Belgiums marketing strategy is linked to producing quality product that is environmentally sustainable. The Brewers Association that has a forum for creating sustainability, NBB has been seen to be heading processes and eco-friendly business conduct amongst others in the industry. The company has a strong orientation towards creating environmental gadgets which is discussed on a monthly basis by managers meet. All these factors are given responsibility to the employees, hence the company has a strong belief to give back to the community compared to what it takes. The company aims to impact the environment by reducing significant negative impacts on it(De Colle 2009). The company has taken serious steps in reducing electric consumption, save fossil fuel and other naturally occurring scarce resources. The company reduces wastes and disposal of wastes which creates a negative impact on the environment. The company has deployed all means to employ energy efficiently to the extent it can, it also aims to reduce pollution by reducing usage of fossil fuel run vehicles(Pandey 2013). Figure 2 : Several brands of NBB Source : (McCorry 137) NBB has adopted several strategies in order to cater to the environmental issues by connecting a smart grid installation in order to communicate with electricity provide so as to conserve energy. The company has installed 20 kilowatt photovoltaic array on its packaging hall, this arrangement is seen to generate the companys 3% of total electricity. It has also installed a brew kettle that heats up wort sheets compared to traditional kettle that heats up the entire kettle. This kettle saves significant amount of energy. The brew house makes use of Sun tubes that lights the brew house all day long(Hopkins 2011). The company extracts methane from waste water, which generates up to 15% of brewerys power needs. It also reduces strain on the municipal water treatment facility thus contributing significantly to the environment. In the brewery the steam condensers heat is redirected to the floor tiles which de-ice loading docks in winter. The company also uses recyclable material wherever po ssible, especially in packaging and water cleansing. NBB has adopted a strong stance towards creating a greater impact on the environment so that it can create a separate brand identity. As a manufacturer and brewer of alcohol, the company aims to create sustainable impacts on the environment and community(Kidwell 2009). The promoter of the company aims to create sustainability and greater penchant for the brand hence in order to bring awareness, it adheres to sustainable issues. Further, since inception the promoter of the company had liking for creating sustainability hence has incorporated it within the corporate culture by having greater involvement and participation from employees. 2. Sustainability is regarded as the key parameter which decides upon the success of business. As awareness regarding environmental pollution and its ill-effects is on the continuous rise, customers are preferring products from companies that have sustainable objectives. Activities from businesses creates pollution that goes in the air, soil and water, hence if an organization is able to manage its wastes efficiently then it will be able to overcome these issues(Ali 2010). Positive impact on the community is another major issue, which can be evaluated in terms of what business does for its community. Businesses reaps several benefits and advantages from the society and community in which they perform hence they have a liability and responsibility to give back something to it. Wastes from business activities not only pollute environment and cause diseases but also increases the incidence of its ill-effect on the local community in which it does business. Thus, businesses need to take active participation in various social activities and ensure that it gives back equal amounts what it takes from the society. Several international organizations around the world have been set up that provides parameters to study the impacts that business activities generates on various areas(Aguinis 2013). New Belgium Brewery Company is an ideal example that has incorporated the several parameters to create positive impacts on the environment and society. The primary motivation of the company is to do greater good than take back from the society. It has covered various aspects of waste management, reducing pollution, conservation of energy, empowering its employees, helping various professionals as farmers and fisherman of local community, saved energy of Municipal Corporation and so on and so forth(Thorne 2010). The company is still focused in generating much greater impact in every way possible, which is why it has involved the employees of the organization in designing of strate gies. The company is also headed in its eco-drive within the industry. These various endeavors have helped the company gain immense amount of recognition amongst customers. Customers do enjoy the taste of the crafted beer that it produces but apart from that the companys social responsibility has been influential in earning a huge brand name for the company(Rupp 2006). The companys sustainable approach has earned it huge success hence it has provided a number of tours in its facility due to demand. It has also received numerous rewards one of which include the Business Ethics Magazines Business Ethics Award and it was included in The Wall Street Journals 15 best workplaces. NBB has included a number of ways and methods o increase its corporate citizenship(McKinney 2012). 3. The primary product of New Belgium Brewing Company is crafted beer that caters to a large part of Colorado, U.S. The company has achieved several landmarks in creating sustainability for the environment and for the community it serves(Crittenden 2011). However, some critics of the company believe that companies that sell alcoholic beverages cannot be socially responsible. This argument has significant amount of importance, as alcohol consumption is greatly condemned in many parts of the world. Alcohol is known to make severe damages some of the most critical organs of the human body like kidney, liver and so on. Usage of alcohol also creates negative impacts on youth, who easily can get addicted. The ill-effects from alcohol are multifold and cannot be described within the purview and scope of this study. Hence, manufacturers, producers or marketers of alcohol create a negative impact on the society by its promotion. There are several laws and bans on usage of alcohol or in limiti ng the use of alcohol, but very few adhere to such norms or regulations. Thus, it becomes imperative to label the product overall as immoral as it causes ill-effects to human quality of life(Gallagher 2010). There are innumerous manufacturers and suppliers of alcohol around the world. But amongst them very few have business ethics such that they can give back to the society or the environment. In this regards NBB creates a major positive drive. The company is totally focused through its corporate culture and initiatives that it creates to make a difference to the community and environment. There is no ban on production or manufacturing of alcohol, hence companies obtain the license to do so(Nelson 2010). But amongst them the most important factor is an alcohol company that follows corporate social responsibility norms and caters to environmental or societal impacts. The companys main objectives revolves around creating a beer culture of responsible drinking, hence the company strongly condemns unethical drinking. The role model for the company is aimed at environmental, social and cultural change(Kleban 2012). The company is bent on environmental stewardship which focuses on minimizing u se of resources, especially scarce natural ones. Maximizing energy efficiency and recycling of materials if possible. NBB has attached immense importance in its corporate culture to make difference in the lives of local farmers, fishermen, employee who work for the company and so on. The company also has initiated a drive for processing waste water thereby reducing the burden of local Municipal Corporation. Its major plant functions are run by using renewable and sustainable energy source of wind energy or solar energy. The light it uses within its factory is also made from solar tubes. Majority of employees of the company commute by bicycles, which reduces environmental pollution greatly(Sekerka 2011). The company promotes participative management by refining of potential through opportunities. The company has always been focused on its staff by handling their myriad needs of their families. The company allowed employees to bring along their children and pets to the organization. I t has focus on relationship by building on trusts, communications and promises. The company has also made several donation to the local community for their developmental initiatives. The company is committed to continuous improvement of quality and efficiency in various processes such that it can maintain its competitive advantage. Thus, it can be argued that NBBs action are socially responsible against other similar corporations that engages in similar business. Conclusion Corporations around the world are devising strategies and methods in order to create sustainability for their organizations. Most companies are going out of their way to help community and society, in accomplishing their corporate societal objectives. The goal of these companies is to gain substantial brand image in the market that will inflict on its sales and revenue earnings. Therefore, customers who are aware of the environmental and societal standards are more bend to purchase products from a brand that creates larger positive impacts. In case of NBB the major focus of the business has been driven by its passion to create difference in community and to the environment. Hence, the company has adopted various norms and process that can render efficiency to its business and also create an impact on the environment or society. In its drive to create such impacts it has involved its internal stakeholders. Though the company has created positive impact in several instances of its proc esses, the main criticism it has been facing is in regards to its business which is alcohol. There are various alcohol business around the world but only a few has been able to make a difference similar to that of NBB, who uses sustainable practices extensive. The adoption of the triple bottom line of the business will help it create and maintain an unique brand identity as well as image of its own. Thus, through its embodied vision it can strive and attain higher goals and earn higher revenues in order to establish as a market leader in the crafted beer segment. Though the company has immense demand of its beer, it has not been able to expand its facility adequately to meet the growing demands. The supply chain of the company also needs to be re-oriented such that it is able to cater to different parts of the country where its demand is present. Thus, sustainability for the business can let it establish as a leader in the market in the minds of customers. References Aguinis, H. and Glavas, A., 2013. What corporate environmental sustainability can do for industrial-organizational psychology.Green organizations: Driving change with IO psychology, pp.379-392. Ali, S., Caum, A., Hall, N., Haney, A., Lepre, J. and Zimmerman, Z., 2010. Sustainability report: A comparison between New Belgium and Budweiser Beer. Arcenas, A., 2009.The development of a standard tool to predict the environmental impact of footwear(Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara). Arnaud, A. and Sekerka, L.E., 2010. Positively ethical: The establishment of innovation in support of sustainability.International Journal of Sustainable Strategic Management,2(2), pp.121-137. Brannan, D.B., Heeter, J. and Bird, L., 2012. Made with renewable energy: how and why companies are labeling consumer products.Contract,303, pp.275-3000. Bujdos, Z. and Szcs, C., 2012. Beer tourismfrom theory to practice.Academica Turistica-Tourism and Innovation Journal,5(1), pp.103-111. Crittenden, V.L., Crittenden, W.F., Ferrell, L.K., Ferrell, O.C. and Pinney, C.C., 2011. Market-oriented sustainability: a conceptual framework and propositions.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,39(1), pp.71-85. De Colle, S. and York, J.G., 2009. Why wine is not glue? The unresolved problem of negative screening in socially responsible investing.Journal of Business Ethics,85(1), pp.83-95. Gallagher, N.T. and Sharvelle, S.E., 2010. Decentralized anaerobic blackwater management: a sustainable development technology concept for urban water management. InWorld Environ. Water Resour. Congress 2010: Challenges of Change(pp. 16-20). Hopkins, M.S., Haanaes, K., Balagopal, B., Velken, I., Kruschwitz, N. and Arthur, D., 2011. New sustainability study: The embracers seize advantage.MIT Sloan Management Review,52(3), p.23. Kidwell, R.E. and Peek, A.N., 2009. New Belgium Brewery: Sustaining Earnings, Employees, Environment and Beer Culture.Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship,14(2), p.126. Kleban, J. and Nickerson, I., 2012. To brew, or not to brewthat is the question: An analysis of competitive forces in the craft brew industry.Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies,18(3), p.59. McCorry, K.J., 2011. New Belgium Brewery.A Simple Path to Sustainability: Green Business Strategies for Small and Medium-sized Businesses: Green Business Strategies for Small and Medium-sized Businesses, p.137. McKinney, J. and Huskins, B.R., 2012. North Carolina Tomorrow.NC Med J,73(4), pp.301-303. Nelson, R., 2010. Soy, Barley Beer Show Promise in Fish Feed.Aquaponics Journal Q,1, pp.20-21. Pandey, N., Rupp, D.E. and Thornton, M.A., 2013. The morality of corporate environmental sustainability: A psychological and philosophical perspective.Green organizations: Driving change with IO psychology, pp.69-92. Pullman, M.E., 2009. Green Brewing: Part One. Rupp, D.E., Ganapathi, J., Aguilera, R.V. and Williams, C.A., 2006. Employee reactions to corporate social responsibility: An organizational justice framework.Journal of organizational Behavior,27(4), pp.537-543. Sekerka, L.E. and Stimel, D., 2011. How durable is sustainable enterprise? Ecological sustainability meets the reality of tough economic times.Business Horizons,54(2), pp.115-124. Thorne, D.M., Ferrell, O.C. and Ferrell, L., 2010.Business and society: A strategic approach to social responsibility and ethics. South-Western Cengage Learning.

Battle of Island Number 10 in the Civil War

Battle of Island Number 10 in the Civil War Battle of Island Number 10 - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Island Number 10 was fought February 28 to April 8, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Brigadier General John PopeFlag Officer Andrew Foote6 gunboats, 11 mortar raftsapprox. 20,000 men Confederates Brigadier General John P. McCownBrigadier General William Mackallapprox. 7,000 men Battle of Island Number 10 - Background: With the beginning of the Civil War, Confederate forces began making efforts to fortify key points along the Mississippi River to prevent Union attacks south. One area that received attention was the New Madrid Bend (near New Madrid, MO) which featured two 180-degree turns in the river. Located at the base of the first turn when steaming south, Island Number Ten dominated the river and any vessels attempting to pass would fall under its guns for protracted period. Work commenced on fortifications on the island and adjacent land in August 1861 under the direction of Captain Asa Gray. The first to be completed was Battery No. 1 on the Tennessee shoreline. Also known as the Redan Battery, it had a clear field of fire upstream but its position on low ground made it subject to frequent flooding. Work at Island Number Ten slowed in the fall of 1861 as resources and focus shifted north to the fortifications under construction at Columbus, KY. In early 1862, Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson on the nearby Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. As Union troops pressed towards Nashville, the Confederate forces at Columbus came under threat of being isolated. To prevent their loss, General P.G.T. Beauregard ordered them to withdraw south to Island Number Ten. Arriving in late February, these forces began work to strengthen the areas defenses under the guidance of Brigadier General John P. McCown. Battle of Island Number Ten - Building the Defenses: Seeking to better secure the area, McCown commenced work on fortifications from the northern approaches to the first bend, past the island and New Madrid, and down to Point Pleasant, MO. Within a matter of weeks, McCowns men built five batteries on the Tennessee shore as well as five additional batteries on the island itself. Mounting a combined 43 guns, these positions were further supported by the 9-gun floating battery New Orleans which occupied a position at the western end of the island. At New Madrid, Fort Thompson (14 guns) rose west of the town while Fort Bankhead (7 guns) was built to the east overlooking the mouth of a nearby bayou. Aiding in the Confederate defense were six gunboats overseen by Flag Officer George N. Hollins (Map). Battle of Island Number Ten - Pope Approaches: As McCowns men worked to improve the defenses at the bends, Brigadier General John Pope moved to assemble his Army of the Mississippi at Commerce, MO. Directed to strike at Island Number Ten by Major General Henry W. Halleck, he moved out in late February and arrived near New Madrid on March 3. Lacking the heavy guns to assault the Confederate forts, Pope instead directed Colonel Joseph P. Plummer to occupy Point Pleasant to the south. Though forced to endure shelling from Hollins gunboats, Union troops secured and held the town. On March 12, heavy artillery arrived in Popes camp. Emplacing guns at Point Pleasant, Union forces drove off the Confederate vessels and closed the river to enemy traffic. The following day, Pope began shelling the Confederate positions around New Madrid. Not believing that the town could be held, McCown abandoned it on the night of March 13-14. While some troops moved south to Fort Pillow, the majority joined the defenders on Island Number Ten. Battle of Island Number Ten - The Siege Begins: Despite this failure, McCown received a promotion to major general and departed. Command at Island Number Ten then passed to Brigadier General William W. Mackall. Though Pope had taken New Madrid with ease, the island presented a more difficult challenge. The Confederate batteries on the Tennessee shore were flanked by impassable swamps to the east while the only land approach to the island was along a single road which ran south to Tiptonville, TN. The town itself was sited on a narrow spit of land between the river and Reelfoot Lake. To support operations against Island Number Ten, Pope received Flag Officer Andrew H. Footes Western Gunboat Flotilla as well as a number of mortar rafts. This force arrived above the New Madrid Bend on March 15. Unable to directly assault Island Number Ten, Pope and Foote debated how to reduce its defenses. While Pope desired Foote to run his gunboats past the batteries to cover a landing downstream, Foote had concerns about losing some of his vessels and preferred to commence a bombardment with his mortars. Deferring to Foote, Pope agreed to a bombardment and for the next two weeks the island came under a steady rain of mortar shells. As this action ensued, Union forces cut a shallow canal across the neck of the first bend which allowed transport and supply vessels to reach New Madrid while avoiding the Confederate batteries. With the bombardment proving ineffective, Pope again began to agitate for running some of the gunboats past Island Number Ten. While an initial council of war on March 20 saw Footes captains refuse this approach, a second nine days later resulted in Commander Henry Walke of USS Carondelet (14 guns) agreeing to attempt a passage. Battle of Island Number Ten - The Tide Turns: While Walke waited for a night with good conditions, Union troops led by Colonel George W. Roberts raided Battery No. 1 on the evening of April 1 and spiked its guns. The following night, the Footes flotilla focused its attention on New Orleans and succeeded in cutting the floating batterys mooring lines leading it to drift away downstream. On April 4, conditions proved correct and Carondelet began creeping past Island Number Ten with a coal barge lashed to its side for added protection. Pushing downstream, the Union ironclad was discovered but successfully ran through the Confederate batteries. Two nights later USS Pittsburg (14) made the voyage and joined Carondelet. With the two ironclads to protect his transports, Pope began plotting a landing on the east bank of the river. On April 7, Carondelet and Pittsburg eliminated the Confederate batteries at Watsons Landing clearing the way for Popes army to cross. As Union troops commenced landing, Mackall assessed his situation. Unable to see a way to hold Island Number Ten, he directed his troops to begin moving towards Tiptonville but left a small force on the island. Alerted to this, Pope raced to cut off the Confederates sole line of retreat. Slowed by fire from the Union gunboats, Mackalls men failed to reach Tiptonville before the enemy. Trapped by Popes superior force, he had no choice but to surrender his command on April 8. Pressing forward, Foote received the surrender of those still on Island Number Ten. Battle of Island Number Ten - Aftermath: In the fighting for Island Number Ten, Pope and Foote lost 23 killed, 50 wounded, and 5 missing while Confederate losses numbered around 30 killed and wounded as well as approximately 4,500 captured. The loss of Island Number Ten cleared the Mississippi River to further Union advances and later in the month Flag Officer David G. Farragut opened its southern terminus by capturing New Orleans. Though a key victory, the fighting for Island Number Ten was generally overlooked by the general public as the Battle of Shiloh was fought April 6-7. Selected Sources History of War: Battle of Island Number 10CWSAC Battle Summary: Battle of Island Number 10New Madrid: Battle of Island Number 10

British English vs. American English

British English vs. American English Playwright George Bernard Shaw once claimed, England and America are two countries divided by a common language. Since the Americas were colonized over 400 years ago, the form of English used in the United States has deviated from that used in the United Kingdom. Therefore, the form of English used in the United Kingdom is called British English, and the form of English used in the United States is called American English.During the course of writing, you may be asked to write in your non-native format. For example, some academic journals require articles to be formatted in a particular style. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the ways in which the two forms differ. It is also important to point out that the differences in style extend beyond what your spell check may highlight. This article will address the differences between the two forms, including spelling, punctuation, grammar, vocabulary, idioms, and formatting of dates and numbers.SpellingFor spelling issues, the safe st option is to consult a dictionary. Use the Oxford Dictionary for British English and the Merriam Webster Dictionary for American English. A few common differences are listed below.American English or vs. British English our:Examples include color/colour and favorite/favourite.American English ze vs. British English se:Examples include analyze/analyse and criticize/criticise.American English ll vs. British English l:Examples include enrollment/enrolment and skillful/skillful.American English er vs. British English re:Examples include center/centre and meter/metre.American English e vs. British English oe or ae:Examples include encyclopedia/encyclopaedia and maneuver/manoeuvre.PunctuationThe most important difference involves the use of quotation marks. Double quotation marks are used as primary quotes in American English, whereas single quotation marks are used in British English.For quotes within quotes, single quotation marks are used in American English, and double quotations m arks are used in British English.To add to the confusion, periods and commas are generally placed inside closing quotes in American English and placed outside closing quotes in British English. In both styles, question marks and exclamation points are placed inside the quotation marks if they belong to the quotation and outside otherwise.The following sentences highlight the key differences.My father always said, Be careful what you wish for. (American English)My father always said, Be careful what you wish for. (British English)Another difference appears in letter writing. In American English, a comma follows the salutation in an informal letter (Dear John,), and a colon follows the salutation in a business letter (Dear John:). In British English, a comma follows the salutation in all letters.Writers should also be careful when using the term i.e. as the punctuation that follows also differs. In American English, a comma follows i.e. or e.g. No comma is used in British English.Abbr eviations may also be expressed differently. In American English, a period is typically used with abbreviations (Ph.D and Mr.), but in British English, no period is used (PhD and Mr).Finally, it is also worthwhile to note that ( ) marks are referred to as brackets in British English. In American English, ( ) marks are referred to as parentheses (singular parenthesis), whereas [ ] are called brackets.GrammarWill/ShallIn British English, it is fairly common to use shall with the first person to talk about the future. Americans rarely use shall.I will never forget this favour. (American English)I shall/will never forget this favour. (British English)Collective NounsCollective nouns like jury, team, family, and government can take both singular and plural verbs in British English. In American English, they normally take a singular verb.The committee meets tomorrow. (American English)The committee meets/meet tomorrow. (British English)VocabularyThe greatest difference between the two for ms may be in vocabulary. Some differences in usage and/or meaning can cause confusion or embarrassment:Apartment vs. FlatArea code vs. Dialing codeATM vs. CashpointBaby carriage vs. PramBathroom vs. Loo/water closetCookie vs. BiscuitElevator vs. LifePeriod vs. Full stopThere are also a few differences in preposition use, including the following:American English on the weekend vs. British English at the weekendAmerican English on a team vs. British English in a teamIdiomsThere are a number of English idioms that have essentially the same meaning but show lexical differences between the American and British version, for instance:Knock on wood vs. Touch woodA drop in the bucket vs. A drop in the oceanBeating a dead horse vs. Flogging a dead horseLay of the land vs. Lie of the landDates and numbersIn American English, the date is expressed as April 17, 1978. Conversely, in British English, the date is expressed as 17 April 1978.The time may also be expressed differently in British Engli sh since the 24-hour clock (18:00 or 1800) is routinely used in the UK and Europe in applications including air, rail, and bus timetables; however, it is largely unused in the US outside of military, police, and medical applications.Finally, in most cases, British English and American English can be used interchangeably. However, in formal writing, it is important to know the distinctions and apply them appropriately.

Tourism in Switzerland and Kenya. Advantages and disadvantages Essay

Tourism in Switzerland and Kenya. Advantages and disadvantages - Essay Example Kenya and Switzerland have registered an impressive record in tourists’ attendance, especially international tourists. Both countries have diverse tourist attractions sites and locations, receiving recognition across the globe. In Kenya, tourism is an industry that has sustained thousands of people in their daily living. It remains the second great foreign exchange earner, after the leading agriculture. Wildlife remains the core tourist attraction. Kenya is also rich in cultural heritage especially along its coastal region (Akama, pg. 8). This too acts as a source of tourist attraction. The coastal beaches are a superb place to visit especially during winter in the West. Switzerland also remains a famous tourist destination location. It does possess an abundance of natural resources and beautiful landscape. The Alps peaks creates a fascinating site. Their rich culture attracts tourists from various locations across the world (Banfi, Filippini, and Hunt, pg. 690). Both countries do acknowledge that tourism does fetch immense income. A major exchange earner has steered the growth of the various locations in both countries. There has been a steady rise in the number of revenues collected from tourism activities. Such revenue goes a great way in improvement of Gross Domestic Product. Essentially, it is the business and the fastest growing service industry in the mentioned countries. It does hold immense potential in it. The growth of t tourism sector has led to the upsurge and development of other sectors such as infrastructure, agriculture, manufacturing, retailing, and hotel industry. Tourism contributes directly or indirectly to the macro-economic growth of the countries. Dues to the stimulation of development ion technology, investments, industries and infrastructures, there is creation of an environment that favours economic growth. The foreign currencies stimulate growth. Taxes emanating from

Cultural Beliefs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Beliefs - Essay Example This paper describes the perceptions in the PEN and how affects the sub-African Saharans behavior regarding their health problems. Cultural Beliefs Culture is a set of rules and beliefs, traditions among other things like art and religion, that is shared by a society. It is where values and behavior is rooted and it is therefore enough to influence perception, judgment, and of course, behavior. AIDS is one of the prevalent diseases in the Sub-Saharan Africa with the rate of 6.1%. It is in fact, one of the worst diseases in the continent, affecting 22.5 million people (HIV positive). AIDS is caused sexually, and sexual practices are behavioral. Since behavior is cultural, it is therefore logical to conclude that one can actually control certain behaviors through culture. In this case, the PEN-3 model, which was created to address and integrate culture in the development, implementation and evaluation of health programs. The PEN-3 model is composed of three domains. These three domains are also composed of another 3 sections each. The three domains are: cultural identity, relationships and expectations and culture and empowerment. Culture and empowerment is a domain that is composed of three more factors which are positive, existential and negative perceptions. They represent all the good and bad facets of culture, hence the positive and negative perceptions.

Ethical Behavior at Bayview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethical Behavior at Bayview - Essay Example Ironically, many individual despise it, yet research shows that most of them have been involved in cheating at one instance or another during their academic activities. In the global year 2008 and 2009, there were different forms of accusations by financial managers, corporate officers, and street executive which involved the unethical cheating character (Bowers, 2004). One article that mostly featured in the public domain, argued out that, in the area of business, academic cheating is a chronic challenge which had escaped successfully without a lasting solution. This article came up with an estimate of 56% as a percentage ratio of students who study business that were claimed to be involved in academic cheating during their career. Additionally, the article states that, on approximation, 47% of the non business students were involved in the academic cheating of a certain type. This raised the concern that this might have been the case at Bayview University, more significantly affect ed wad the dean. Different members of the faculty have come to belief that academic cheating in this institution is more widespread than at other universities (Cole, 2000). A significant number of other faculty members argue that academic cheating can never qualify to be categorized to be a challenge in the institution (Keith-Spiegel, 2008). In attempts to have this issue resolved satisfactorily, this report presents an analysis of the current ethical character of business students at the University of Bayview. In this study, we hypothesize that the proportion of Bayview University’s business students involved in a form of academic cheating is smaller than that of other institution’s business students. Managerial Report. Methodology. Participants. The sample for this study constitutes about 90 business students. The sample was obtained from this year class that was going to graduate. The sample was made up of about 42 female students and 48 male students. Procedure. A survey was given to the ninety business students. The participants of this study were given three questions on different types of academic cheating. The first question sought to find whether the subjects were involved in some internet copying during their career at Bayview. The second question sought to find out whether the participants attempted to copy the work of other students during an examination. The third question sought to reveal whether some students collaborated with other students on an assignment meant to be handled  individually. A participant who gave a yes as an answer in one or more of the questions was classified to have taken part in some form of academic cheating. The responses to the given questions gave out data in respect to about three categories of academic cheating. The data collected was recorded in tables 1 and 2.Results. Table 1: Cases of academic cheating in business students at Bayview University. Student Copied from Internet Copied on Exam Collabora ted on Individual Project Gender 1 No No No Female 2 No No No Male 3 Yes No Yes Male 4 Yes Yes No Male 5 No No Yes Male 6

Powers Of and Limitations On the UK Prime Minister

Powers Of and Limitations On the UK Prime Minister Parliament is the legislative body of the UK; it is composed of bicameral parliaments; The House of Commons (HOC) is responsible for considering and proposing new laws as well as scrutinizing governmental policies and legislation, oversees governments finances and administration. The House of Lords (HOL) participates within the law-making process, investigates matters of public interest independently and examines the administration of government. The party with the largest number of members in the HOC forms the government under the office of the Prime Minister (PM). This arrangement exists by a whereby the Monarch must appoint a PM to oversee government and lead the HOC; this position has evolved overtime as a consequence of historical and political acts with origins in the early 1680s. This appointment results in a transfer of power from the sovereign to parliament under the Royal Prerogative Powers (Bradley 2011). The role of the PM is to serve as the head of the Her Majestys government having been elected as the premiership winning party in the UK elections. He / she are not elected as head of their respective party by the public but from within their respective party (Braizer, 1999). Serving as the Chief of the Executive, the PM has a number of functions which include; overseeing Parliament, overseeing the operation of the Civil Service and government agencies, serving as the link among the executive and legislative branches of the assembly, responsibility for policy and governmental decisions ensuring that they are scrutinized and implemented once Royal Ascent has been granted and serving as the figure head in the HOC (Heffernan, 2005). They are responsible for managing a number of relations which include those between; the Government and the Monarch, Government and the Opposition and between the UK and the devolved assemblies. Through the power of patronage, the PM has the power to select the Cabinet The Executive and can appoint ministers to the Cabinet and appoint ministers to lead on specific policy areas such as education, health, foreign and commonwealth; extending the ministerial responsibility for the respective areas of work to them. The PM will also appoint special advisors and other political advisors within the Cabinet, on the basis of political viewpoint, skills and expertise. The PM is required to ensure that the order of precedency is upheld in Cabinet as well as ensuring that ministers adhere to and uphold the ministerial code. Holding power over ministerial conduct (1997 revised 2007) and if required they can appoint, reshuffle or dismiss ministers. The PM can use their power of collective responsibility to silence any critics avoiding dissention and ensuring cohesion exists with the cabinet. Decisions made with Cabinet meetings chaired by the PM must have support of the ministers irrespective of agreement on such matters, they are required to publicly support the PMs decision / mandate, failure to do so can result in dismissal / resignation as was the case of the late Robin Cook, Leader of the Commons and former Foreign Secretary, 2003. In order to encourage support from the cabinet the PM can use their power of patronage as a tool for reward and recognition bringing about change in behaviour and ensuring loyalty. It could be argued that this is both a power and a limitation, to some it is perceived as an elitist method of promotion on the basis of political support and rather than on the merit of work. Whilst the PM has many powers, one of the greatest limitations is the threat and in fighting from within their own respective party; without majority support, their position is weakened significantly as was the case with Margaret Thatcher in 1990, her former cabinet colleague Geoffrey Howe initiated a revolt against her leadership style leading to her resignation as PM. Interestingly, her successor John Major was subjected to a revolt following the lack of support from his party on the issue of Britain developing greater links with Europe, when the 1997 general election was undertaken he and the Conservatives suffered the largest electoral defeat in history. Without consulting the electorate, the governing party can at any time seek to replace the PM, as was the case in 2007 when Tony Blair was replaced by Gordon Brown as PM. The style of leadership style (Norton) of a PM can work for or against them during their time in office (Norton 2013). Thatcher gained significant popularity in the early 80s but went on to lose support as she was perceived as being too over-bearing and out of touch. Her famous statement This Ladys not for turning demonstrated how aggressive her leadership style was. Blairs leadership was strong and presidential like, he, like Thatcher did not always use his Cabinet for scrutiny or consultation giving rise to accusations of utilizing a kitchen-cabinet and increased use of special advisors, ultimately this caused much mistrust and dissention within the party and executive (Buckley, 2006). Although the PM serves as head of Cabinet; Ministerial members of the cabinet have equal powers primus inter pares, yet the PM is accountable to the nation and the electorate and is not above reproach. They are responsible not just for their decisions but those of their ministers. How the PM deals with contentious political or social issues and how they seek resolution can impact greatly on their popularity and confidence in them as a leader (Quinn, 2012) as was the case with Heath (Miners Strike 1974), Thatcher (Poll Tax 1989) and Blair (Iraq 2003). Browns popularity waned over the issue of calling a general election (2007) and tax rate reductions (2008) resulting in a call for leadership contest, this was usurped on the basis of his handling of the financial crisis (2008). Media can grossly influence public perception on the PM depending on their readerships left or right wing views (McCombs, 2013). To conclude, the PM is granted numerous powers, many of which bestowed from the Monarch and others from their position of PM and leader of their respective party. All powers come with limitations; the powers will work for or against a PM. Fundamentally their position is dependent on their interpretation and execution of said powers, a majority support of ministers on their mandate or how well he or she can secure their support. The office of Prime Minister is what its holder chooses and makes of it H H Asquith (Hennessy, 2001). Their leadership style can affect how ministers react; their position on changing legislation, how accountable they are politically and socially or when subjected to scrutiny can sway the balance of power to eventually become a limitation. (Word count 1094) Bibliography BRADLEY, A., 2011. The sovereignty of Parliament-form or substance? The changing constitution, 23, pp. 54-56. BRAIZER, R., 1999. Constitutional Practice: The Foundations of British Government. Oxford University Press on Demand. BUCKLEY, S., 2006. Prime Minister and Cabinet. Edinburgh University Press. HENNESSY, P., 2001. The Prime Minister: the office and its holders since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan. MCCOMBS, M., 2013. Setting the agenda: The mass media and public opinion. John Wiley Sons. NORTON, P. and JONES, B. 2014. Politics UK. 8th Edition. Harlow, Pearson QUINN, T., 2012. Electing and Ejecting Party Leaders in Britain. Springer.

The Sinking of the Titanic :: essays research papers

Introduction The R.M.S. Titanic sideswiped an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. on April 14, 1912. Estimated to be able to stay afloat for 2 days under the worst scenario, the ship sank in less than 3 hours [Gannon, 1995]. Main Cause for Sinking The iceberg created a 300-foot gash in the Titanic's hull above and below the waterline. Structural Errors That Accelerated the Sinking Steel brittleness Tests on Titanic's steel showed that the steel had high sulfur content, which increases the brittleness of steel by disrupting the grain structure [Hill, 1996]. This increase in brittleness contributed to the severity of the hull's damage. Titanic's steel showed high levels of oxygen, which leads to an increased ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. For Titanic's steel, that temperature was determined to be 25 to 35 degrees C [Hill, 1996]. The water temperature that night was below freezing. The wrought iron rivets that fastened the hull plates to the Titanic's main structure also failed because of brittle fracture during the collision with the iceberg. Low water temperatures contributed to this failure [Garzke and others, 1994]. Shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Midsection Contributing to this failure in the midsection was the design of Titanic's huge spiral staircase. The staircase not only weakened the midsection's structure, but served as a means for water to pass up through the ship. As it filled with water, the bow submerged, raising the stern out of water. When the stern reached an angle of about 45 degrees, the stresses in the ship's midsection (15 tons per square inch) caused the steel to fail and the bow to rip loose and sink [Gannon, 1995]. Conpartments The lower section of the Titanic was divided into sixteen major watertight compartments. Actually, the compartments were watertight only in the horizontal direction--their tops were open. After the collision, six watertight compartments began filling with water. Soon, water spilled over the tops. Scientists have concluded that the watertight compartments contributed to the disaster by keeping the flood waters in the bow of the ship [Gannon, 1995]. If there had been no compartments, the incoming water would have spread out, and the Titanic would have likely remained afloat for another six hours. Human Errors that Accelerated the Sinking Captainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mistake Captain E. J. Smith had not slowed the ship's speed that night, although the ship's wireless operators had received several ice warnings. The ship was moving at more than 22 knots. Crewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mistake The sea was a "flat calm," a rarity for these waters.

A Day with Nelson Mandela

After many days of anxious waiting, I finally managed to obtain permission to spend a day with one of the truly great men of all times. This person is none other than Nelson Mandela. Nelson Mandela was born on the 18th of July, 1918 in Transkei, South Africa. He actively took up the struggle to achieve equality for Africans. The South African Regime of those days introduced Apartheid, which segregated the whites, Africans and the Asians. Mandela was sentenced to five years hard labor in 1962. Subsequently, he was sentenced to life imprisonment (Nelson Mandela, 2007). People the world over, were disgusted with the racist regime led by P.W. Botha and a number of trade and economic sanctions were imposed on this despicable regime. Botha received his just desserts and was paralyzed due to a cerebral stroke. F.W. de Klerk took over the reins of power and released Mandela from prison on the 11th of February, 1990 (Nelson Mandela, 2007). After the exchange of trivial pleasantries, I asked Mandela to expatiate on his achievements and beliefs. He gave me some nuggets of information, which I am setting out in the sequel. Nelson Mandela represents one of the greatest examples of the triumph of the human spirit. He was incarcerated for twenty – seven years, under extremely barbaric conditions by the racist South African Regime. He remained strong, he never lost hope, he was always brave and he never compromised his moral integrity. He was verily the lodestone for the suffering and oppressed humanity of the world. After this he described what he considered to be one of his greatest contribution, namely, the fact that he was successful in reconciling the blacks and the whites in South Africa, ending Apartheid and transforming South Africa into a country that was bereft of bloodshed. The South Africa that he wrought was peaceful and democratic. He also told me that he was a true lover of peace and the welfare of mankind. Moreover, he had never compromised the welfare of his people for his personal freedom and he had never relinquished his political beliefs. With this adamant attitude, Mandela attracted the world’s attention and became the symbol of the sufferings and struggles of black South Africans. He was appointed by the United Nations as an ambassador to deal with the civil war in Burundi and to negotiate with the militia groups (Nelson Mandela, 2007). The personality and behavior of Nelson Mandela made him a very popular leader. He was instrumental in inspiring people to greater heights of endeavor. He gained the admiration of the world’s populace and became a global leader. He was a staunch follower of Gandhi the Indian Messiah of peace, and had followed the precepts of Gandhi in campaigning against apartheid. An extremely interesting fact that he disclosed to me was that he had changed his ideology, which had initially accepted that violence was inevitable to end apartheid to an ideology that used non – violent methods (Nelson Mandela, 2007). Accordingly, his campaigns and struggle did not involve widespread bloodshed. During his period of incarceration widespread crime against blacks and coloreds were committed by the apartheid regime. Despite these incidents, Mandela never harbored thoughts of revenge.   He exhorted his people to forgive the whites and to reconcile their differences with them (Nelson Mandela, 2007). It was getting late and I had to bid farewell, although, unwillingly, and as a parting gift; Nelson Mandela told me that after assuming Presidency, he had instituted the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, in order to promote peace and reconciliation between the enraged and vengeful blacks and their white oppressors. Moreover, he had introduced several welfare measures such as better housing, education and economic reforms to improve the standard of living of black South Africans (Nelson Mandela, 2007). References Nelson Mandela. (2007, July 30). Retrieved September 26, 2007, from moreorless : heroes & killers of the 20th century: http://www.moreorless.au.com/heroes/mandela.html Nelson Mandela. (2007, July 30). Retrieved September 26, 2007, from moreorless : heroes & killers of the 20th century: http://www.moreorless.au.com/heroes/mandela.html   

An Introduction to Brownian Motion

An Introduction to Brownian Motion Brownian motion is the random movement of particles in a fluid due to their collisions with other atoms or molecules. Brownian motion is also known as pedesis, which comes from the Greek word for leaping. Even though a particle may be large compared to the size of atoms and molecules in the surrounding medium, it can be moved by the impact with many tiny, fast-moving masses. Brownian motion may be considered a macroscopic (visible) picture of a particle influenced by many microscopic random effects. Brownian motion takes its name from the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, who observed pollen grains moving randomly in water. He described the motion in 1827 but was unable to explain it. While pedesis takes its name from Brown, he was not the first person to describe it. The Roman poet Lucretius describes the motion of dust particles around the year 60 B.C., which he used as evidence of atoms. The transport phenomenon remained unexplained until 1905 when Albert Einstein published a paper that explained the pollen was being moved by the water molecules in the liquid. As with Lucretius, Einsteins  explanation served as indirect evidence of the existence of atoms and molecules. At the turn of the 20th century, the existence of such tiny units of matter was only a theory. In 1908, Jean Perrin experimentally verified Einsteins hypothesis, which earned Perrin the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter. The mathematical description of Brownian motion is a relatively simple probability calculation, of importance not just in physics and chemistry, but also to describe other statistical phenomena. The first person to propose a mathematical model for Brownian motion was Thorvald N. Thiele in a paper on the least squares method that was published in 1880. A modern model is the Wiener process, named in honor of Norbert Wiener, who described the function of a continuous-time stochastic process. Brownian motion is considered a Gaussian process and a Markov process with continuous path occurring over continuous time. What Is Brownian Motion? Because the movements of atoms and molecules in a liquid and gas is random, over time, larger particles will disperse evenly throughout the medium. If there are two adjacent regions of matter and region A contains twice as many particles as region B, the probability that a particle will leave region A to enter region B is twice as high as the probability a particle will leave region B to enter A. Diffusion, the movement of particles from a region of higher to lower concentration, can be considered a macroscopic example of Brownian motion. Any factor that affects the movement of particles in a fluid impacts the rate of Brownian motion. For example, increased temperature, increased number of particles, small particle size, and low viscosity increase the rate of motion. Brownian Motion Examples Most examples of Brownian motion are transport processes that are affected by larger currents, yet also exhibit pedesis. Examples include: The motion of pollen grains on still waterMovement of dust motes in a room (although largely affected by air currents)Diffusion of pollutants in the airDiffusion of calcium through bonesMovement of holes of electrical charge in semiconductors Importance of Brownian Motion The initial importance of defining and describing Brownian motion was that it supported the modern atomic theory. Today, the mathematical models that describe Brownian motion are used in math, economics, engineering, physics, biology, chemistry, and a host of other disciplines. Brownian Motion Versus Motility It can be difficult to distinguish between a movement due to Brownian motion and movement due to other effects. In biology, for example, an observer needs to be able to tell whether a specimen is moving because it is motile (capable of movement on its own, perhaps due to cilia or flagella) or because it is subject to Brownian motion. Usually, its possible to differentiate between the processes because Brownian motion appears jerky, random, or like a vibration. True motility appears often as a path, or else the motion is twisting or turning in a specific direction. In microbiology, motility can be confirmed if a sample inoculated in a semisolid medium migrates away from a stab line. Source Jean Baptiste Perrin - Facts. NobelPrize.org, Nobel Media AB 2019, July 6, 2019.

Bated vs. Baited

Bated vs. Baited Bated vs. Baited Bated vs. Baited By Sharon The expression with bated breath is recorded as appearing for the first time in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice towards the end of the 16th century. It refers to having subdued or restrained breathing because of some strong emotion. The verb to bate, which means reduce the intensity of; take away; or lower in estimation or amount (an archaic usage), has long since disappeared from common use. So its no surprise that its often misspelled as baited. According to Merriam Webster, bait means to persecute, harass or lure. Heres an example to illustrate the two meanings: She waited with bated breath to see if he would take the bait. Here are some quotations illustrating their usage: the end of the year approaches, practically everyone in the fashion, beauty and interior design industries waits with bated breath to see what Pantone will proclaim as the official color for the upcoming year. (www.chicagotribune.com) the world - or at least, the American public - waited with bated breath on Thursday for the National Archives to release its final batch of records related to the assassination of (www.usatoday.com) Channel and blue catfish are good on hot dogs, shrimp, Spam, and frozen shad. Yellow catfish are good on juglines baited with live perch. (www.chicagotribune.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Talking"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?Present Participle as Adjective

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Business ethics - Essay Example For a business organization to be able to come up with appropriate code of ethics, it important for leaders to know the kind of ethics which directs decision making and the direction the company is aiming at. Employee’s contribution is essential when creating code of ethics of a given company. This is because they are involved in day to day running of the business. When they participate, they are likely to follow or respect their ideas and recommendations. Organizations are facing great environmental instability and uncertainty. Currently, businesses, public service and voluntary organizations are operating in business contexts which are unpredictable and unstable. In addition, they are faced with rapid change. In order to guarantee companies survival, attain their specific goals and objectives as well as react to market and contextual uncertainties, organization leaders have responsibility of identifying, formulating and enforcing proper strategies. Those managing organizatio ns will have to consider normative values and standards of ethics in which the organizations and society function. Deontology is born from the word Deon, a Greek word that refers to duty. Deon refers to points of view where actions are considered as being ethical or not. It is also known to be the theory or model of moral obligation study. In terms of ethical decision making, deontological approach was known to be a non-consequentialist theory. This indicates that end results or consequences of an action or activity do not dictate whether the action was right (correct) or wrong. This is because a bad deed can cause a positive outcome. It refuses the popular view that the end justifies the means. For example, a person steals money to be able to provide food and shelter for his or her starving family. It also asserts that a good character is not good absolutely. Ones kind or good deeds or words may result in bad

Write a memo, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write a memo, - Essay Example Viral gastroenteritis, caused by norovirus, has been an epidemic in the nation, including the capital of South Caledonia, affecting communities such as schools, residential complexes, and emergency shelters for humanitarian aid, and causing illnesses such as fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, during its outbreak. There have however been limited cases of fatalities and victims are able to recover a few days after its onset. Secondary consequences such as restrain from work when the virus infects people or as people stay at home to tend to victims. A vaccine was developed for the infection and the Food and Drug Administration authorized for suitability for human use and for effectiveness in controlling the infection. The vaccine has no adverse effects and was approved for people above three years. The South Caledonia legislature then passed a law that would compel people to receive the vaccination, at the state’s cost, and fine a person who failed to receive the vaccination a sum of $ 750, unless there is a valid state exemption. Mr. Russell has been notified that he must receive the vaccine but he does not qualify for an exemption and do not wish to pursue it. He therefore seeks advice on possible suit against the state. Mr. Russell plans to sue the state for protection of his right of autonomy in order to avoid liability for not receiving vaccination against the viral gastroenteris. He relies on the provisions of the 14th amendment that provides that states shall not enact laws that infringe a citizen’s rights and liberty nor shall states deprive such rights without due process (Guminski, 2009). There are however other amendments that limit the rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Ninth Amendment provides that no right shall be interpreted to deny others their rights and the Tenth Amendment gives states powers such as legislations that are not reserved to the

Ch3 Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ch3 Journal - Assignment Example Rehearsal can be used to access student’s prior knowledge making their knowledge to be useful, transferable and not bound in a certain way. As a teacher, there is need to stretch the knowledge of the students in such a way that the information is connected correctly (Constant, Bass & Carin, 2014). Children can learn new knowledge through constructivism. Through their prior knowledge, they can be able to receive information from various sources, organize it and build meaning for themselves. Without prior knowledge, their learning cannot be expected. A student can be effective in learning construction when there is a social interaction with other students and in the presence of a teacher. Without social constructivism or when a child is alone, the child is never constructing knowledge and understanding. Social interaction is a valuable tool for a child development of knowledge (Constant et al., 2014). In conclusion, a teacher to effectively teach students science to a level of understanding, he or she must first know prior knowledge of students. The teacher has to give them an assignment for the next lesson in order to have their prior knowledge. Rehearsals improve the effectiveness of learning and students can learn even more where social constructivism

Physical Therapy Essay Example for Free

Physical Therapy Essay The major that I will be going into in the next four years is Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy is basically a health care profession, that provides therapy for those who have been injured, have a physical disability or for those who are experiencing minor pains in their body. I chose to get into Physical Therapy for many different reasons. I first thought of being a Physical Therapist when I realized that I was a hands on type of person, meaning that I like to work while being active. I then discovered that a lot of Physical Therapists work for college and professional sport teams and that to me was very exciting considering I want to play in the NFL one day. For the past year I have been interested in becoming a Physical Therapist. Everyone that I have talked to about my decision on choosing this field has been very supportive and has said that it is perfect for me. There are many different courses you must take to become a Physical Therapist such as, Biology, health sciences, kinesiology and ATC. Hearing from past students that were involved in the Physical Therapy field, they have told me that it takes a lot of hard work to really advance in the field. A major assignment when you’re entering the Physical Therapy field is learning the human body and a project that involves learning the human body is having to observe a diseased body. This project will benefit me in the field because it gives me a broad look on the way the human body is and looks inside. Being that you have to know the muscular system and the skeletal system, observing a body will let you take a deeper look into how the body looks and will teach you everything you need to know when you’re working with a live person. Being a Physical Therapist has really advanced throughout the years and therapists have now been considered doctors. Being a doctor is a very difficult thing to do, having to get your masters and then your working for your doctorates degree requires a lot of time and a lot of work. Being a Physical Therapist depending on how sophisticated you get, can bring in a lot of money. Also it can open up a lot of job opportunities. Whether you choose to work for a team or work for an office, you can eventually open up your own business with the right level of education. Another positive thing about Being a Physical Therapist is that you know how to treat injured people, so god forbid someone in your family gets injured you can treat them without orrying about some other person making things worse. A negative part about being in this field is that it will take up a lot of your time either at school or when you’re actually working. If you’re getting involved with a professional team then you also have to consider the traveling part of the business, going from state to state every week during the season. Also it will require a lot of money to go far into your major. College will give me the resources and the knowledge that I need to know in order to do well with patients. You must have a masters or doctorate degree to become a physical therapist. A recent study has shown that about there was about 199,000 jobs in the US for being a Physical Therapist. Athletic Training is a career that is very similar to Physical Therapy and both degrees can be used for each other. The average Physical Therapist gets paid about 78,000 dollars a year.

Daniel Pearl :: essays research papers

The tape began with the Wall Street Journal reporter saying, "My name is Daniel Pearl. I'm a Jewish-American. My father is Jewish. My mother is Jewish. I am a Jew." Then, looking at the camera, he recounted numerous family visits to Israel and noted that a street in a town in Israel was named after his great-grandfather, who was one of the founders of the town. Pearl's kidnappers had accused him of being an agent for the CIA and for the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency. The Wall Street Journal and the U.S. government adamantly denied that he was a spy. The family of Daniel Pearl has established a charity "to support the causes to which he dedicated his life." Following the discussion of Pearl's heritage, there was a clear edit in the tape. Pearl can be seen looking at the camera and struggling to make statements from memory. "Not knowing anything about my situation, not being able to communicate with anybody, and only now do I think about some of the people in Guantanamo Bay. They must be in a similar situation, and I have come to realize that this is the sort of problem that Americans are going to have anywhere in the world now," he said. Among the demands Pearl's kidnappers had made is that Pakistani nationals being held by the U.S. military at the Guantanamo Bay base in Cuba be released. The detainees are associated with the al Qaeda network and the deposed Taliban government of Afghanistan. Pearl then looked off camera and makes this statement: "We can't be secure, we can't walk around free, as long as our government policies are continuing and we allow them to continue." There is another clear edit in the tape, and Pearl then is shown saying, "We as Americans cannot continue to bear the consequences of our government's actions, such as the unconditional support of the state of Israel." In the tape, Pearl does not appear to have been beaten. In some segments, his hair is mussed, while in others, it is slicked back. The section of the videotape where Pearl is seen speaking lasts about 90 seconds. As he speaks, pictures of bodies and funerals and words, such as "Afghanistan," are superimposed on the screen. According to Chung, that portion of the tape is then followed by a 50-second section containing graphic scenes of violence against Pearl.

Early English Law Essay

Early English law sought not only to deter crime and immoral behaviour but to exert social control, particularly over the lesser mortals, nothing changes. Crimes committed in early England are not much different to the crimes committed today, although the punishments given are very different. Our methods today for punishment no longer use barbaric methods such as hanging, stoning, burning, drowning, decapitation and the breaking of the neck for serious crimes nor do we amputate , blind, scalp and brand for the lesser crimes committed. Instead we send offenders to prison for the serious crimes and fine/community service for the lesser crimes committed. Abduction, murder, rape, robbery, damage to property and assault are still punishable today but adultery and slaves are no longer offences due to society changes. To exert social control early English law stated â€Å"any person who tried to escape pursuit or to act in self-defence could be cut down irrespective of the magnitude of the suspected offence or the age or sex of the suspected offender† this can be said for today if a suspect were to run from a crime. In Aethelbert’s codes that all men were not equal before the law, and even less so in the case of women does not extend to today as far as the law is today, all men and women are equal regardless of colour, race, age or gender. Early English law did not have prisons and fines were determined by social status, the higher up the person was the less they had to pay. The king did not have the expense in maintaining prisons as as far as he was concerned compensation rather than incarceration was eminently satisfactory method of dealing with crime. Substantial proportion of fines and confiscations were claimed by him, crime did pay as far as the crown was concerned. Today, fines could not be considered for crimes such as rape and murder. Another method of early English law social control was that of hanging, stoning, burning, drowning, decapitation and the breaking of the neck these would be done in public and people would come to watch the executions. Also, mutilation of limbs carried scars and offenders would have to live with this for the rest of their lives. This helped to exert social control as the executions and mutilations would act as a deterrent in that no one would want this to happen to them. None of these methods are done today. It is clear to see that there are no real comparisons to early English law and the law today. Today we have prisons and use fines to exert social control. We no longer use barbaric methods to enforce the law. Sentencing, fines and community service today should be enough to discourage from people offending although in all societies offences do happen as they did back in early England but today we tend to help the offenders by counselling, fining and giving back to the community as in community services, whereas early England the punishments were grotesque. Death, mutilation and maiming were acceptable methods of punishments and social control.

Evaluate strategies used in health Essay

Effects of alcohol/drugs with rehab/AA To overcome the effects of alcohol/drugs barrier to communication, there are many types of organisations available. For example, rehab is a place where individual’s will slowly learn to give up drugs and adapt to clean blood in their body. There are classes such as AA classes which help individual’s clean alcohol from their system. Alcohol and drugs can sometimes affect how an individual speaks; therefore, they might need to stop drinking and smoking to make sure they are able to do so. Going to rehab and AA classes will help individuals very well. Rehab for alcoholics and drug addicts is very helpful as it clears the individual’s system of alcohol and drugs and gets them back on track with their lives. If in individual does follow the rehabilitation programme then he/she will see that their life has more financial benefits, family life becomes better and they start seeing a difference within themselves mentally and physically. Rehab is a good strategy to help with overcoming communication issues. If an individual is beginning to notice a change with his/hers communication while drinking, then they will have to enter rehabilitation and clear themselves of the addiction. To improve I would say that sometimes individuals need more moral support, throughout their rehabilitation. Therefore I would suggest the centres allow the addicts to talk to others with the same addiction for better moral support. Language needs/preferences strategy Sometimes language can be a big barrier if an individual is by themselves in certain situations. There are many different types of methods which can be used to overcome the language barrier. Individuals can use a special dictionary which translates the word they need to say from the mother tongue to their new language. There are also recordings available for listening to use when the individual does not clearly understand the new language. Translators are also available to help those who have language as a communication barrier. The language needs/preferences strategy is also good  as it helps those who are willing/wanting to learn a new language with many resources. There are tools and other things available to help overcome the barrier of not knowing a particular language that is needed to be known. I would say that some individuals find it hard to look for specific words in dictionaries and will not understand which word is linked to which meaning. This needs to be improved, so individuals do not get overwhelmed or frustrated. Assertiveness to overcome anger Assertiveness is a type of skill which can be used by those individuals who find that anger is a big barrier to communicating effectively. When people begin to feel stressed, depressed or annoyed, they will tend to let their emotions out immediately. These can involve anger. Anger is a big barrier to communication as it can lead to relationships breaking. To control this some people develop the skill of assertion. This involves controlling the emotions which break relationships and start arguments. It involves a clear mental attitude, wherein the individual will try to discuss the situation and deal with it. Assertion is a very sensible skill to develop if you work in the health and social care sector. It will definitely help deal with any issues that arise from service users or peers. In order to over-come the barrier of anger, developing assertiveness will certainly help. Being assertive will definitely help as it will decrease the amount of anger that an individual will have as a barrier to communication. It is a good skill to adapt to as it will benefit individuals for the future. For some individuals being assertive is a good aspect to maintain, however for an overly aggressive person it will be hard for them to grasp the concept of being assertive. For this reason to improve this strategy I would say to go through a slow pace when beginning to become assertive. Defusing aggression and staying confident Stress occurs a lot in the health and social care sector. Stress can lead to many other types of symptoms and illnesses, such as aggression or a mixture of emotions. Aggression can sometimes come from frustration, with the service provided or any other cause. Individuals must learn to overcome their aggression. Developing a calmer attitude towards any frustrations will  help overcome any type of anger. Aggression might threaten care workers; however it can also cause a withdrawal attitude from the service user towards the care worker. Defusing aggression and staying confident is yet another good strategy as it presents an individual of being very impressive and striking. Defusing anger and showing confidence is a very professional aspect to maintain as it helps in all areas of health and social care work. For example if an individual is being told off for doing something wrong, defusing ones anger and staying confident will get them out of trouble and keep them positive. Defusing anger is not always the best thing to do for some people as it could lead to stress/depression, therefore an improvement could be to sort out any confusion/anger issues before carrying on with any work, ect. Interpreters, translators and signers An interpreter is a person who communicates meaning from one language to another. This includes interpreting between spoken and sign language, such as English and BSL. When an interpreter works with people they immediately become a part of a communication cycle with that person. Translators are individuals who change a recorded material from one language to another. Translating involves communicating between different languages. Interpreters and translators have to grasp the meaning of a message and find a way of expressing it in a different type of language system. This is not very simple even for the professional and best translators. Interpreters can be professional people or even a friend or family member who can translate the sentence/ phrase said into another language. These people are able to explain messages in different circumstances. This is a very good strategy as it benefits others as well as the individual who is translating. Translating is very helpful for those who cannot speak a certain language. In today’s society many individuals use translators to assist them in important activities/meetings. It is a good strategy to use to overcome barriers to communication. It could be improved a lot. For example some translators do not always know the several meanings which come with certain words. Some translators need to be certified just to ensure the individual needing help that, they are really translators and they know how to professionally translate majority of words. Hearing aids Hearing aids are electronic devices with very small microphones that pick up and increase the volume of sound received by a person. Hearing aids will often make sounds in the background much louder and clearer to hear. Due to this wearing a hearing aid will not be that helpful as you might not be able to hear anything else a part from the background noise. Hearing aids are very helpful to those unfortunate individuals who are not able to clearly/not at all hear any noises or sounds. Hearing aids amplify the sounds for individuals, which need to be heard the most. However some hearing aids do not always work to their best of ability. For this reason, the sounds/ noises which need to be heard the most importantly cannot be heard due to technical issues which come with the hearing aid itself. Voice activated software Voice activated software is a simple type of software which simply uses an individual’s voice to activate or perform a task or instruction given to a computer. This software comes in many different types such as the speech recognition software which allows individuals to say their message and then it be typed out on their computer/phone. Voice activated software is also a good software as it helps individuals who are not able to physically type or have disabilities speak for them. Voice activated software is really good as it very much benefits individuals who are less able to perform the simplest tasks, such as typing. To improve some of the softwares cannot always pick up the voices as clearly, therefore the software should be able to pick up voices clearly without any vocal strain. For example speaking louder.